Antibody diagnostic

Andresen H, Bier FF (2009) Peptide microarrays for serum antibody diagnostics. Methods Mol Biol 509 123-134... 

The scope of this chapter is to present the clinical features of the major PNS and their associated antibodies, diagnostic procedures and updated aspects of the pathogenesis, and treatment of patients with PNS. 

Emulsion polymerization is the basis of many industrial processes, and the production volume of latex technologies is continually expanding—a consequence of the many environmental, economic, health, and safety benefits the process has over solvent-based processes. A wide range of products are synthesized by emulsion polymerization, including commodity polymers, such as polystyrene, poly(acrylates), poly (methyl methacrylate), neoprene or poly(chloroprene), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The applications include manufacture of coatings, paints, adhesives, synthetic leather, paper coatings, wet suits, natural rubber substitutes, supports for latex-based antibody diagnostic kits, etc. ... 

Monoclonal Antibodies Diagnostic Tools and Therapeutic Agents... 

Turbidimetric Agglutination Immunoassays. Agglutination—precipitation immunoassays were among the first practical appHcations of the antigen—antibody reaction in diagnostic tests. These assays are not as widely used in the 1990s as EIA and FIA because they are either not quantitative enough or lack the sensitivity limits of RIA, EIA, and EIA. 

Scale-up in fixed-bed reactors is limited by the maximum size of the matrix that can be manufactured as a monolith. Hence, this system is appHcable for small- to medium-scale production of antibodies and other proteins, usually for the diagnostic market. This system has been described in greater detail ia the Hterature (22). 

In general, diagnostic tests that look for a particular protein of interest use biologically derived antibodies, usually from mice. However, proteins, DNA, RNA, and other biologicals may be derived from a variety of organisms like bacteria, yeast, plants, and other mammals for use as diagnostics. 

Monoclonal antibodies (mAh) are molecules that recognize and bind a specific foreign substance called an antigen. They are produced from a single clone of B lymphocytes. Conventionally, mouse mAh have been generated for experimental and diagnostic use. Techniques have been developed to humanize mouse mAh to facilitate their therapeutic use in humans. It is also now possible to make mAh which are fully human. 

Antibodies are highly specific, binding only to a restricted part of a given antigen known as an epitope. Given the billions of antibody specificities that may be produced by the immune system, an antibody that recognizes an epitope on virtually any molecule may be produced. It is this property that makes antibodies immensely powerful tools for experimental, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. 

Schellekens GA et al (2000) The diagnostic properties of rheumatoid arthritis antibodies recognizing a cyclic citmllinated peptide. Arthritis Rheum 43 155-163... 

Beyer K, Chung D. Schulz G. Mishoe M. Niggemann B, Wahn U, Sampson HA The role of wheat omega-5 gliadin IgE antibodies as a diagnostic tool for wheat allergy in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008 122 419-421. 

The indication for venom immunotherapy is based on a history of systemic allergic reactions to Hymenoptera stings and positive diagnostic tests, skin tests and/or venom-specific serum IgE antibodies [45, 49]. In the presence of only mild systemic allergic reactions, limited to the skin, immunotherapy is not generally recommended in the USA not for children, in Europe not for children and adults, unless they are heavily exposed and had repeated such reactions. 

Ebo DG, Venemalm L, Bridts CH, Degerbeck F, Hagberg H, De Clerck LS, Stevens WJ Immunoglobulin E antibodies to rocuronium a new diagnostic tool. Anesthesiology 2007 107 253. 

The fundamental role of blood in the maintenance of homeostasis and the ease with which blood can be obtained have meant that the study of its constituents has been of central importance in the development of biochemistry and clinical biochemistry. The basic properties of a number of plasma proteins, including the immunoglobulins (antibodies), are described in this chapter. Changes in the amounts of various plasma proteins and immunoglobulins occur in many diseases and can be monitored by electrophoresis or other suitable procedures. As indicated in an earlier chapter, alterations of the activities of certain enzymes found in plasma are of diagnostic use in a number of pathologic conditions. 

El-Sayed, I.H., Huang, X. and El-Sayed, M.A. (2005) Surface plasmon resonance scattering and absorption of anti-EGFR antibody conjugated gold nanopartides in cancer diagnostics Applications in oral cancer. Nano Letters, 5, 829-834. 

The anti-DNA antibody has been used as a marker molecule of Systemic Lupus Erthematosus (SLE) which is a severe autoimmune disease. Enzyme immunoassay is the most reliable, widely used method of assay however, the electrochemical detection method reported here should be interesting for the purpose of a rapid and convenient diagnostic tool of SLE. 

This work was supported by grant DA02680 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Roche Diagnostics provided the PCHBA hapten. Dr. Ned Egen and Mrs. Rebecca B. Owens helped in purification of the antibody. 

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