Stupor and

OtherMa.gnesium Disorders. Neuromuscular irritabHity, convulsions, muscle tremors, mental changes such as confusion, disorientation, and haHucinations, heart disease, and kidney stones have aH been attributed to magnesium deficiency. Excess Mg " can lead to intoxication exemplified by drowsiness, stupor, and eventuaHy coma. 

Specific predictive factors for outcome after surgical intervention have not been well defined in the literature. In one prospective, multicenter observational study of 95 patients, the state of consciousness was the only predictive factor retained in a logistic regression analysis." In this study, there was a 2.8-fold increased risk for poor outcome for each increase on a three-step scale (awake/drowsy, somnolent/ stuporous, and comatose), and good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score <2) were achieved in 86%, 76%, and 47% of patients within each group, respectively. 

Signs and Symptoms Sudden onset of headache, chills, prostration, fever, and general pains with a macular rash. May progress to delirium, stupor, and coma. Disease may reappear years after initial attack without involvement of lice (Brill-Zinsser disease). 

Fatty acid oxidation defects often produce recurrent disturbances of brain function [4, 8]. Drowsiness, stupor and coma occur during acute metabolic crises and mimic the Reye s syndrome phenotype. The neurological symptoms have been attributed to hypoglycemia, hypoke-tonemia and the deleterious effects of potentially toxic... 

Hypercalcemia has been associated with causing depression, stupor, and coma. 

Neuromuscular symptoms include altered mental status, abnormal behavior, seizures, stupor, and coma. Hypercapnia can mimic a stroke or CNS tumor by producing headache, papilledema, focal paresis, and abnormal reflexes. CNS symptoms are caused by increased cerebral blood flow and are variable, depending in part on the acuity of onset. 

Numerous observers of these rituals have described the witches as appearing stuporous and almost catatonic after the ointment took effect. The lowered body temperature and lack of responsivity to stimulation prompted people to believe that the witches had died temporarily and were in communication with the devil ... 

Me Well, they gradually go into a stupor and when they start to wake up, they crawl around on the floor, frequently take off their clothes, hallucinate and talk nonsense. 

Symptoms of exposure Exposure to high concentrations may produce depression of central nervous system. Symptoms include excitement, loss of equilibrium, stupor, and coma (Patnaik, 1992). 

Four factors can help distinguish delirium from dementia. First, delirium usually has a rapid onset whereas dementia invariably has a gradual, often nearly imperceptible, onset and course. Second, delirium is marked by rapid fluctuations from clear, lucid thinking to confusion and agitation. These shifts may occur several times over the course of a single day. The cognitive decline of dementia does not fluctuate in this manner. Third, delirious patients are often stuporous and inattentive whereas those with dementia are alert but confused. Finally, visual and auditory hallucinations are common in delirium but less so in dementia. 

Rats survived 8-hour exposure to 2000 ppm. Oral administration of 0.7 g/kg produced stupor and loss of voluntary movement in half the treated rabbits the LD50 was 3.4g/k. ... 

Studies indicate that isopropyl alcohol may be substantially better absorbed by the dermal route than had previously been believed, although significant toxicity by this route would require prolonged exposure. Delayed dermal absorption rather than inhalation may account for a number of pediatric poisonings that have occurred after repeated or prolonged sponged bathing with isopropyl alcohol to reduce fever. In several cases symptoms have included respiratory distress, stupor, and coma. Recovery was complete within 36 hours. Hypersensitivity characterized by delayed eczematous reactions have occasionally been observed after dermal contact with isopropyl alcohol. ... 

The hallmark for tetralin exposure in humans is the production of green urine. Two painters who used tetralin-containing varnishes in a poorly ventilated area had intense irritation of the mucous membranes, profuse lacrimation, headache, stupor, and the characteristic green urine. Hospital patients on a ward whose floor had been waxed with a tetralin-based polish experienced similar symptoms including eye irritation, headache, nausea, diarrhea, and green urine. Asthenia also was observed in subjects who had slept in rooms waxed with a tetralin-based polish. 

Children Infants A syndrome of apparent CNS depression, characterized by stupor and flaccidity, occasionally coma, and deep respiratory depression, has been reported in young infants in whom streptomycin dosage had exceed the recommended limits. Do not giye infants streptomycin in excess of the recommended dosage. 

Sodium fluoride is an acute toxicant. Ingestion of large quantites (5 to lOg) can cause death in humans. Smaller quantities can produce nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stupor, and weakness. Other symptoms are tremor, muscular weakness, and dyspnea. Mottling of teeth can occur from chronic exposure. 

The conventional antipsychotics have little effect on the negative psychotic symptoms such as autism, stupor and emotional withdrawal. The so-called atypical antipsychotics, or second-generation antipsychotics, like the heterocyclic compound risperidone, the benzamide sulpiride and several diben-zepines of which clozapine is the best known, have a broader spectrum which means that they also have an effect on the negative psychotic symptoms. Most share a common attribute of working on serotonin receptors as well as dopamine receptors. They have a low risk of extrapyramidal side effects. 

Clinical manifestations occur in three phases. In the neurological stage, the patient appears intoxicated, with slurred speech, ataxia, stupor, and hallucinations, and may be comatose, with respiratory depression. The cardiopulmonary stage is delayed by 12-24 hours, when hypotension, tachycardia, muscle tenderness and congestive cardiac failure are seen. After 1-3 days the renal stage supervenes, with loin pain, crystalluria, oliguria and renal failure, as a result of calcium oxalate crystal deposition in the renal tract. Sequestration of calcium can cause profound hypocalcaemia, tetany, and cardiac arrhythmia. 

Overdose results in severe respiratory depression, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cyanosis, and extreme somnolence progressing to seizures, stupor, and coma. 

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