Evolution of structure

The practitioners of both theoretical and experimental kinetics seek to understand the activation process, which consists of the evolution of structure and energetics as reactants proceed toward the transition state. 

The evolution of structures and mechanisms in plants to regulate water fluxes down these steep thermodynamic gradients and yet maintain the cellular conditions for biochemical activity was a major factor in the colonisation of the terrestrial habitat. Paradoxically, therefore, some water stress is completely normal , though some plants are better than others at accommodating large deviations. 

Kowaliw, T., Grogono, P., and Kharma, N. (2007) The evolution of structural design through artificial embryogeny. In proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (ALIFE 07), IEEE Computer Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 425-432. 

Chae, H. K. Payne, D. A. Xu, Z. Ma, L. 1994. Molecular structure of a new lead titanium bimetallic alkoxide complex [PbTi2( t4-0)(00CCH3)(0CH2CH3)7]2 Evolution of structure on heat treatment and the formation of thin-layer dielectrics. Chem. Mat. 6 1589-1592. 

Bloch, K., Cholesterol Evolution of structure and function. In D. E. Vance, and J. E. Vance (eds.), Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. Amsterdam Elsevier Science Publishers, 1991. This chapter (12) provides an interesting view of how the structure of cholesterol evolved to optimize its function in cells. 

Spectroscopic data can broadly be used to understand molecular structure, to relate function to molecular content, and to understand evolution of structure and properties with both time and/or stimulus [1], Generalizing these activities, one can summarize that much effort in biomedical spectroscopy is... 

Flory (1941a,b, 1953) and Stockmayer (1943, 1944) laid out the basic relations for establishing the evolution of structure with conversion in nonlinear polymerizations. Their analysis is based on the following assumptions defining an ideal network ... 

Carugo, O., and S. Pongor. 2002. The evolution of structural databases. Trends Biotechnol. 20 498-501. 

Chin JW, Schepartz A. Concerted evolution of structure and function in a miniature protein. J Am Chem Soc 2001 123 2929-2930. 

The aim of this book is to provide the reader with an overview of interfacial supramolecular chemistry. Supramolecular assemblies of the kind considered in this text are truly interfacial, not only because they separate solid- and solution-phase components but also because they represent the junctions where biology, chemistry, physics and engineering meet. In true interfacial supramolecular systems, individual moieties, e.g. the supporting surface and an adsorbed luminophore, interact co-operatively to produce a new function or property. In addition, these two- and three-dimensional structures remain an important step in the evolution of structure from discrete molecules, to interacting assemblies, and finally to solids. In this last chapter, the future of interfacial assemblies will be briefly considered. This discussion will focus on the possibility of integrating such assemblies into practical devices and the identification of the important scientific challenges. 

AP-CVD ZnO One finds in literature only a few comments on the evolution of structural properties with the thickness of AP-CVD ZnO films. The main observation is that the grain size increases with film thickness, as illustrated by the SEM micrographs of Fig. 6.8 for two AP-CVD ZnO Al films with different thickness. 

Features of the evolution of structural reconstructions in the system of UDD particles and non-diamond carbon during sintering were considered. 

XRD is valuable because it provides unambiguous determinations of phases, their dynamics, and evidence of their structures at the nanoscale, even at high pressures and temperatures. This technique is still not frequently applied for characterization of functioning catalysts, but the advent of ultra-high-brilliance radiation sources such as free-electron lasers and improved synchrotron sources will open new possibilities for determination of time-resolved XRD patterns to establish details of the temporal evolution of structural dynamics and of the nanostructures of functioning catalysts. Examples in this chapter illustrate the value of the method for characterization of mixed oxide catalysts, such as those containing molybdenum oxide structures. 

The evolution of structural adhesives will certainly continue. Each increment in strength, durability, processing speed and ease, safety, reliability and reproducibility opens new commercial markets, not only to displace older joining methods but also to allow for the manufacture of new structures not possible without adhesives. 

The simulation result for the time evolution of structure factors as a function of the scattering vector q for an A/B 75/25 (v/v) binary blend is shown in Fig. 9 where time elapses in order of Fig. 9c to 9a. The structure factor S(q,t) develops a peak shortly after the onset of phase separation, and thereafter the intensity of the peak Smax increases with time while the peak position qmax shifts toward smaller values with the phase-separation time. This behavior suggests that the phase separation proceeds with evolution of periodic concentration fluctuation due to the spinodal decomposition and its coarsening processes occurring in the later stage of phase separation. These results, consistent with those observed in real polymer mixtures, indicate that the simulation model can reasonably describe the phase separation process of real systems. 

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