Structure/discipline

The word hypervalent originates with J. I. Musher, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 8, 54 (1969). However, it must be immediately acknowledged, as did Musher himself, that qualifying species such as PC15 go back to the earliest years of chemistry as a synthetic and structural discipline. 

In astrology, Saturn represents the system. Its influence is serious and somber. It brings structure, discipline, limitations, boundaries, responsibility, duty, perseverance, and fear. It tests people and forces them to confront reality. 

Unified command structure Disciplines and response organizations work through designated managers to establish common objectives and strategies to reduce conflict or duplication. 

Unified Command Structure Disciplines and response organizations work through designated managers to establish common objectives and strategies to reduce conflict or duplication. Span of Control The structure permits each supervisory level to oversee an appropriate number of assets based on size and complexity of the event. 

RCA is a structured, disciplined approach to investigating, rectifying, and eliminating equipment failures and malfunctions. RCA procedures are designed to analyze problems to much greater depth (the roots ) than merely the mechanisms and human errors associated with a failure. The root causes lie in the domain of weaknesses in management... 

Multivariate statistics is the discipline to analyze data, to elucidate the intrinsic structure within the data, and to reduce the number of variables needed to describe the data. 

Bioinformatics is a relatively new discipline that is concerned with the collection, organisatic and analysis of biological data. It is beyond our scope to provide a comprehensive overvie of this discipline a few textbooks and reviews that serve this purpose are now available (s the suggestions for further reading). However, we will discuss some of the main rnethoc that are particularly useful when trying to predict the three-dimensional structure and fum tion of a protein. To help with this. Appendix 10.1 contains a limited selection of some of tf common abbreviations and acronyms used in bioinformatics and Appendix 10.2 lists sorr of the most widely used databases and other resources. 

Are R D practices linked to business practices Are work processes those needed to implement the plans Are work processes defined, disciplined, and structured Is the human side of work practices understood Are there metrics related to the goals/results of the work processes ... 

Both of these crucial fields of research will surface repeatedly later in this book here they are briefly discussed only as fields which by at least one of the criteria I have examined do not appear to qualify as fully blown disciplines. Both have emerged only in this century, because a knowledge of crystal structure is indispensable to both and that only emerged after 1912, when X-ray diflfraction from crystals was discovered. 

I cannot judge whether Truesdell s kind of continuum mechanics is of use to mechanical engineers who have to design structures to withstand specific demands, but the total absence of diagrams causes me to wonder. In any case, I understand (Walters 1998, Tanner and Walters 1998) that rational mechanics was effectively Truesdell s invention and is likely to end with him. The birth and death of would-be disciplines go on all the time. 

The hydrogen atom, containing a single electron, has played a major role in the development of models of electronic structure. In 1913 Niels Bohr (1885-1962), a Danish physicist, offered a theoretical explanation of the atomic spectrum of hydrogen. His model was based largely on classical mechanics. In 1922 this model earned him the Nobel Prize in physics. By that time, Bohr had become director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at Copenhagen. There he helped develop the new discipline of quantum mechanics, used by other scientists to construct a more sophisticated model for the hydrogen atom. 

The science and technology of conducting polymers are inherently interdisciplinary they fall at the intersection of three established disciplines chemistry, physics and engineering hence the name for this volume. These macromolccular materials are synthesized by the methods of organic chemistry. Their electronic structure and electronic properties fall within the domain of condensed matter physics. Efficient processing of conjugated polymer materials into useful forms and the fabrication of electronic and opto-electronic devices require input from engineering i. e. materials science (more specifically, polymer science) and device physics. 

Thermodynamic, statistical This discipline tries to compute macroscopic properties of materials from more basic structures of matter. These properties are not necessarily static properties as in conventional mechanics. The problems in statistical thermodynamics fall into two categories. First it involves the study of the structure of phenomenological frameworks and the interrelations among observable macroscopic quantities. The secondary category involves the calculations of the actual values of phenomenology parameters such as viscosity or phase transition temperatures from more microscopic parameters. With this technique, understanding general relations requires only a model specified by fairly broad and abstract conditions. Realistically detailed models are not needed to un-... 

The collaboration with many scientists over the years has had a major influence on the structure and content of this book. We are especially indebted to J. Rex Goates, who collaborated closely with one of the authors (JBO) for over thirty years, and has a close personal relationship with the other author (JBG). Two giants in the field of thermodynamics, W. F. Giauque and E. F. Westrum, Jr., served as our major professors in graduate school. Their passion for the discipline has been transmitted to us and we have tried in turn to pass it on to our students. One of us (JBG) also acknowledges Patrick A. G. O Hare who introduced her to thermodynamics as a challenging research area and has served as a mentor and friend for more than twenty years. 

Schwab, J. J. (1978). Education and the structure of the disciplines. In I. Westbury N. J. Wilkof (Eds.), J.J. Schwab Science, curriculum and liberal education,. selected essays (pp. 229-273). Chicago University of Chicago Press. 

In physics, fluid dynamics is a sub-discipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow —the natural science of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. It has several subdisciplines itself, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). Fluid dynamics offers a systematic structure that underlies these practical disciplines, that embraces empirical and semi-empirical laws derived from flow measurement and used to solve practical problems. The solution to a fluid dynamics problem typically involves calculating various properties of the fluid, such as velocity, pressure, density, viscosity and temperature, as functions of space and time. 

TFL is an important sub-discipline of nano tribology. TFL in an ultra-thin clearance exists extensively in micro/nano components, integrated circuit (IC), micro-electromechanical system (MEMS), computer hard disks, etc. The impressive developments of these techniques present a challenge to develop a theory of TFL with an ordered structure at nano scale. In TFL modeling, two factors to be addressed are the microstructure of the fluids and the surface effects due to the very small clearance between two solid walls in relative motion [40]. 

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