Streptomycin treatment

Mutant induced with streptomycin treatments bleached (chlorophyll free) cells without stigma but possessing paraflagellar body. 

The best results are obtained when 100 mg I. 1 streptomycin is added 48-50 h after the initiation of germination. With streptomycin treatment, 100-400% increases in recombinant protein expression have been obtained. The accumulation of both Rubisco subunits is prevented (Figure 3.7). The specific activity of GUS increases 2.5-fold when streptomycin is used (Figure 3.8). 

Medical Research Council Streptomycin in Tuberculosis Trials Committee. Streptomycin treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Br Med J 1948 ii 769-82. 

Meningeal tuberculosis. It is essential to use isoniazid and pyrazinamide which penetrate well into the CSF. Rifampicin enters inflamed meninges well but noninflamed meninges less so. An effective regimen is isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and streptomycin. Treatment may need to continue for much longer than modem short-course chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. 

Streptomycin when applied in a concentration range between 30 and 240 pg mL controlled fire blight and caused no phytotoxic effects on leaves and no fruit rus-setting [54, 55], and the antibiotic has been used in USA since 1955. In numerous orchard trials in the 1950s and 1960s the efficiency of streptomycin treatments for control of fire blight was determined. Because of its limited systemic activity, spray treatments should completely cover all possible infection sites, such as open flowers, shoots and leaves. For fire blight control streptomycin is also used in New Zealand, some European countries and Middle Eastern countries [49]. 

Medical Research Council. Streptomycin treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis a Medical Research Council investigation. Br Med J 1948 4582 769-82. 

Before the discovery of streptomycin, pyrazinamide (126) was one of the front runners in the treatment of tuberculosis. A broad spectrum of biological activity has been associated with pyrazine derivatives, ranging from the herbicidal activity of (127) to antibiotic activity... 

Substitution of an amino group into the molecule affords an iigent with antibacterial activity. Although seldom used alone, l, ira- aminosalicylic acid (PAS, 7) has been employed as an adjunct Id streptomycin and isoniazid in treatment of tuberculosis. 

The initial phase must contain three or more of the following drugp isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazin-amide, along with either ethambutol or streptomycin. The CDC recommends treatment to begin as soon as possible after the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The treatment recommendation regimen is for the administration of rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide for a minimum of 2 months (8 weeks), followed by rifampin and isoniazid for 4 months (16 weeks) in areas with a low incidence of tuberculosis. In areas of high incidence of tuberculosis, the CDC recommends the addition of streptomycin or ethambutol for the first 2 months. 

Stiepton dn was isolated by Waksman in 1944, and its activity against M tuberculosis ensured its use as a primaiy ding in the treatment of tuberculosis. Unfortunately, its ototoxicity and the rapid development of resistance have tended to modify its usefulness, and although it still remains a front-hne dmg against tuberculosis it is usually used in combination with isoniazid and p(4)-aminosalicyhc acid (section 11.5). Streptomycin also shows activity against other types of bacteria,... 

The three standard drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis were streptomycin (considered above), -aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and isoniazid (isonicotinylhydrazide, INH synonym, isonicotinic acid hydrazine, INAH). The tubercle bacillus rapidly becomes resistant to streptomycin, and the role of PAS was mainly that of preventing this development of resistance. The current approach is to treat tuberculosis in two phases an initial phase where a combination of three dmgs is used to reduce the bacterial level as rapidly as possible, and a continuation phase in which a combination of... 

The advent of multidrug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has led to increased fears of untreatable infections by serious pathogens. Rifampicin, streptomycin and, occasionally, the quinolones are drugs used in the treatment of mycobacterial infections and resistance to those agents is as described previously. There... 

Transcriptional inhibitors could be used simultaneously. Rifampicin blocks chloroplast and mitocondrian RNA synthesis [23, 24], while tagetitoxin is a very specific inhibitor of chloroplast RNA polymerase [25]. Treatment with these antibiotics does not inhibit Rubisco SSU synthesis since the promoter is part of the nuclear genome, while the cytosolic ribosomes are not affected by streptomycin. Therefore SSU promoters can be used to drive transgene expression and facilitate the accumulation of recombinant proteins. Expressed proteins are targeted to a suitable cellular compartment, such as the cytoplasm, apoplastic space or chloroplast, depending on the nature of the protein. 

The answer is a. (Hardman, pp 1143-1144.) Polymyxin B is poorly absorbed by the oral route. It is primarily administered by the topical route for the treatment of infections of the skin, mucous membranes, eye, and ear. Penicillin G can be administered both orally and parenterally. Did oxacillin is only given by the oral route. Carbenicillin and streptomycin are administered only by the parenteral route. 

The recommended treatment is doxycycline (200 mg/day) plus rifampin (600 mg/day) for six weeks. An alternative effective treatment is six weeks of doxycycline (200 mg/day) plus streptomycin (1 gm/day) for three weeks. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole given four to six weeks is less effective. In 5 to f 0 percent of cases, there may be a relapse or treatment failure. Regarding prophylaxis, killed and live attenuated human vaccines are available in many countries but are considered of unproven efficacy. There tends to be no information on the use of antibiotics for prophylaxis against human brucellosis. 

Diagnosis Clinical diagnosis. Physical findings are usually non-specific. Chest X-ray may reveal a pneumonic process, mediastinal lymphadenopathy or plural effusion. Routine culture is possible but difficult. The diagnosis can be established retrospectively by serology. As for treatment, administration of antibiotics such as streptomycin or gentamicin with early treatment can be very effective. 

Field First Aid The way to cure humans who contact tularemia is the administration of the antibiotics as an early treatment. Streptomycin has been the choice drug for treatment of tularemia for a long time, but it might not be readily available at once after a mass casualty attack therefore four drugs regimens are provided below. Medical or EMS personnel should select one of the plans ... 

Because human cases of glanders are rare, there is limited information shout antibiotic treatment of the organism in humans. Sulfadiazine has been found to be an effective in experimental animals and in humans SutfMderiente/fer is usually sensitive to tetracyclines, ciproflacacin, streptomycin, novobiocin, gentamicin, imipenem, ceftazidime, and the sulfonamides Resistance to chloramphenicol has been reported. 

Early treatment of pneumonic plague is essential. To reduce the chance of death, antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms. Streptomycin, gentamicin, the tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol are all effective against pneumonic plague. 

Treatment — A number of antibiotics including tetracycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, and quinolone3 are available for treatment. 

Treatment — No vaccines are available for humans. Glanders may be treated with sulfadiazine, doxycycline, rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and ciprofloxacin.3... 

The cell-bound amylopullulanase was solubilized with detergent and lipase. It was then purified to homogeneity by treatment with streptomycin sulfate and ammonium sulfate, and by DEAE-Sephacel, octyl-Sepharose and puUulan-Sepharose column chromatography (12). The final enzyme solution was purified 3511-fold over the crude enzyme extract with an overall recovery of 42% and had a specific activity of 481 units/mg protein. The average molecular weight of the enzyme was 136,500 determined by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-200 and SDS-PAGE, and it had an isoelectric point at pH 5.9. It was rich in acidic and hydrophobic amino acids. The purified enzyme was quite thermostable in the absence of substrate even up to 90°C with essentially no loss of activity in 30 min. However, the enzyme lost about 40% of its original activity at 95 C tested for 30 min. The optimum tenq)erature for the action of the purified enzyme on pullulan was 90°C. However, the enzyme activity rapidly decreased on incubation at 95°C to only 38% of the maximal 30 min. The enzyme was stable at pH 3.0-5.0 and was optimally active at pH 5.5. It produced only maltotriose and no panose or isopanose from pullulan. 

Synergism with other anti-pseudomonal agents such as gentamycin, polymixins B and E, and even streptomycin, has been reported and is currently receiving study [398, 399]. It may well be that, in difficult cases, treatment with a combination of gentamycin, carbenicillin and cloxacillin (or with a polymyxin and the penicillins) will be necessary. 

In experimental typhoid disease in mice treated with colimycin, the addition of pentoxyl prevents immunological disorders and stimulates an immunological reaction [294]. This compound potentiates the action of sulphonamides in mice infected with type II pneumococcus [295]. In combination with streptomycin, pentoxyl is beneficial in the treatment of experimental tuberculosis in guinea-pigs [296]. However, a single pharmacological report, relative to effects on the central nervous system, was unfavourable [297]. 

Streptomycin is widely used generally in combination with penicillin for treatment of cattle with shipping fever, mastitis or after surgery and trauma. 

Selman Waksman s commitment to the isolation and screening of soil bacteria in the search for bioactive small molecules, especially potential antibiotics, was validated by the discovery of streptomycin. This led to the creation of the modem biopharmaceutical industry and the subsequent isolation of tens of thousands of bioactive small molecules from soil bacteria and other environments. A proportion of these compounds have become highly successfnl therapeutics, not only for all types of infectious diseases, but also in the treatment of many other human and animal ailments and as anticancer, immnno-modnlatory, and cardiovascular agents. Waksman and Fleming could be considered the fathers of chemical biology (Figure 1.1). 

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