Stomach glands

GI tract Stomach Glands Intestine m3 m2 m3 t Motility—cramps Secretion Contraction—diarrhea, involuntary defecation... 

Although no histological changes are detectable in the serous glands of patients with cystic fibrosis, the sweat, lacrimal, salivary, and stomach glands excrete excessive amounts of electrolytes (potassium and sodium chloride). The volume of sweat, however, is within normal limits. 

Of the importance of the stomach glands we can form an estimate when we consider that their business is to furnish from fifteen to thirty lbs. of gastric juice during the twenty-four hours. Nor is it difficult to see how fatal anaemia must follow an amount of degenerative disease reducing the amount of gastric juice so far that the assimilation of food is rendered wholly inadequate to the wants of the body. ... 

The genes encoding the polypeptide backbones of a number of mucins derived from various tissues (eg, pancreas, small intestine, trachea and bronchi, stomach, and salivary glands) have been cloned and sequenced. These studies have revealed new information about the polypeptide backbones of mucins (size of tandem repeats, potential sites of N-glycosylation, etc) and ultimately should reveal aspects of their genetic control. Some important properties of mucins are summarized in Table 47-8. 

Technetium-99m can be used to collect images of the thyroid gland, brain, lungs, heart, liver, stomach,... 

The pancreas is a gland in the abdomen lying in the curvature of the stomach as it empties into the duodenum. The pancreas functions primarily as an exocrine gland, although it also has endocrine function. The exocrine cells of the pancreas are called acinar cells. They produce an alkaline fluid known as pancreatic... 

All OCPs are polytropic, parenchymatous poisons, afflicting the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, the heart muscle, the stomach and intestines, and the endocrine system (mostly the adrenal glands, thyroid, and ovaries). Morphological changes in warm-blooded creatures poisoned by OCPs vary from insignificant disruptions in circulation and reversible dystrophy to focal necroses these effects depend on the organism, the dose of OCP, how long the OCP remains active, as well as on other factors [9, 39, 40, A47, A79]. 

The mouth is the region from the lips to the pharynx. The first step in the digestive process is chewing, or mastication, which is an initial mechanical breakdown of the food that facilitates its movement to the stomach. The mouth is lined with stratified squamous epithelium that provides extra protection from injury by coarse food materials. Three pairs of salivary glands secrete saliva into the oral cavity ... 

The oxyntic gland area is located in the proximal 80% of the stomach. These glands consist of three types of cells ... 

Gastrin is a hormone produced by gastric endocrine tissue — specifically, the G cells in the pyloric gland area. It is released into the blood and carried back to the stomach. The major function of gastrin is to enhance acid secretion by directly stimulating parietal cells (HC1) and chief cells (pepsinogen). Gastrin also stimulates the local release of histamine from enterochromaf-fin-like cells in the wall of the stomach. Histamine stimulates parietal cells to release HC1. 

Polysaccharide (starch) Amylase Fragment polysaccharides into disaccharides (maltose) Salivary glands pancreas Mouth stomach small intestine... 

Triglyceride Lingual lipase Hydrolyze triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids Salivary glands Mouth stomach... 

Muscles (heart, etc.) Stomach/intestine Liver Kidney (bowel) Reproductive organs Glands Brain (Chapter 9) Sense organs Digestion, fluid circulation, motion, mechanical work Major zones of digestion Major zone of synthesis Major external rejection ion/water balance Reproduction Chemical controls Electrical control Environmental detectors... 

For example, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene is a particularly potent carcinogen for the mammary gland of young female Sprague-Dawley rats after oral or intravenous administration (25,26), dietary benzo[a]pyrene leads to leukemia, lung adenoma and stomach tumors in mice (27), and either of these hydrocarbons can induce hepatomas in male mice when injected on the first day of life (28). Nevertheless, the mouse skin system has proved to be particularly valuable because of the rapidity of tumor induction, the ease of detection of tumors and because the multi-stage nature of the carcinogenic process was experimentally established in this system. 

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