Pyloric glands

The pyloric gland area is located in the remaining distal 20% of the stomach. Secretions of the stomach include ... 

Gastrin is a hormone produced by gastric endocrine tissue — specifically, the G cells in the pyloric gland area. It is released into the blood and carried back to the stomach. The major function of gastrin is to enhance acid secretion by directly stimulating parietal cells (HC1) and chief cells (pepsinogen). Gastrin also stimulates the local release of histamine from enterochromaf-fin-like cells in the wall of the stomach. Histamine stimulates parietal cells to release HC1. 

Pavlov IP (1902) Die physiologische Chirurgie des Verdau-ungskanals. Ergebn Physiol Abt. 1 246-286 Preshaw RM, Grossman MI (1965) Stimulation of pancreatic secretion by extracts of the pyloric gland area of the stomach. Gastroenterology 48 36-44... 

The basic controversy now revolves around the problem of the existence of a separate pepsin active at pH 1.5-2.0 and a separate gastric cathepsin (gastricsin) active at pH 3.2-3.5. The alternative concept is that the activity at pH 1.5-2.0 and at 3.2-3.5 belongs to a similar protease (pepsin), with the difference that one is derived from the ftmdic glands (fundic pepsin) and the other from the pyloric glands and perhaps chief neck cells (pyloric pepsin) (T22, T24). 

T16. Taylor, W. H., Studies on gastric proteolysis. 3. The secretion of diflEerent pepsins by fundic and pyloric glands of the stomach. Biochem. J. 71, 384-388 (1959). 

Saliva Mucus secretion of surface epithelium and/or pyloric glands ... 

Similar results were obtained with immunoblot and RT-PCR probes for CYP1A1 and 1A2 (103). CYP1A1 and 1A2, as well as CPR, were reported to be detected in human gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia and in pyloric gland cells. Mi-crosomes prepared from these cells activated BaP and 2-amino-2-methy limidazole [4,5-f]quinoline. 

Molecular alterations of gallbladder adenomas are fairly different than those observed in the conventional dysplasia-carcinoma sequence. Mutations of the p53 gene are virtually nonexistent in gallbladder adenomas and only rarely detected in EHBD tumors. In contrast, p53 abnormalities are quite common in flat dysplasia and invasive carcinoma. Similarly, mutation of the KRAS oncogene is detected in only 25% of gallbladder adenomas. In contrast, mutations of the -catenin gene, which are uncommon in invasive biliary carcinomas, have been detected in 60% of adenomas, mostly the pyloric gland type, and less commonly the papillary or intestinal typesA ... 

Bakotic BW, Robinson MJ, Sturm PD, et ak Pyloric gland adenoma of the main pancreatic duct. Am J Surg Pathol. 1999 23 227-231. 

Kato N, Akiyama S, Motoyama T. Pyloric gland-type tubular adenoma superimposed on intraductal papillary mucinous m-mor of the pancreas. Pyloric gland adenoma of the pancreas. Virchows Arch. 2002 440 205-208. 

Nakayama Y, Inoue H, Hamada Y, et ak Intraductal tubular adenoma of the pancreas, pyloric gland type a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 6 cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005 29 607-616. 

Nagata S, Ajioka Y, Nishikura K, et al. Co-expression of gastric and biliary phenotype in pyloric-gland type adenoma of the gallbladder immunohistochemical analysis of mucin profile and CDIO. Onco/Rep. 2007 17 721-729. 

Mikami Y, Kiyokawa T, Hata S, et al. Gastrointestinal immunophenotype in adenocarcinomas of the uterine cervix and related glandular lesions A possible link between lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia/pyloric gland metaplasia and adenoma malignum . Mod Pathol. 2004 17 962-972. 

Mikami Y, Hata S, Fujiwara K, Imajo Y, Kohno I, Manabe T (1999) Florid endocervical glandular hyperplasia with intestinal and pyloric gland metaplasia worrisome benign mimic of adenoma malignum". Gynecol Oncol 74 504-511... 

The pyloric glands contain only one type of cell. The function of these cells is not clear, but they are believed to be mucous cells of the type found in the neck of the fundic glands. The cardial glands also are made primarily of mucous cells, although a few pepsinogen cells may be found. 

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