Steel plate reinforcement

The second part of this book is devoted to current and potential applications of adhesive materials in construction. Chapter 6 deals with both the repair and the strengthening of concrete structures, covering applications ranging from non-structural patch repairs and resin overlays to externally bonded steel plate reinforcement. The theme of repair and strengthening is extended to applications involving steel, timber and masonry structures. A number of case histories are reviewed and discussed with reference to the successes and failures, and the results of allied research work are presented. In Chapter 7 a number of applications of adhesives in new construction are described, and specific examples are given. The final chapter. Chapter 8, examines the potential for future developments in adhesive usage. 

Fig. 1.8. Strengthening of bridge structure with externally bonded steel plate reinforcement.

In the practice of adhesive bonding for applications in construction, surface pretreatment is likely to be the most difficult process to control. The choice of treatments must be tempered by the scale of operations, the nature of the adherends, the required durability, the adhesive to be used, and the cost. The performance of joints constructed with cold-cure epoxies is likely to be critically dependent upon surface preparation, as exemplified by the experience of the Scottish Irvine Development Corporation. In 1978 they elected to use vertical externally-bonded steel plate reinforcement to strengthen the abutment walls of three pedestrian underpasses. A year later, the plates were reported to be falling off, accompanied by extensive interfacial corrosion the steel surfaces had been abraded by hand, and the concrete surfaces chemically etched. 

The purpose of the above is to specify requirements for a cold-cure adhesive to permit either the repair or strengthening of existing concrete structures by bonding on additional external steel plate reinforcement, or the construction of steel/concrete composite units in which wet concrete is poured on to steel freshly coated with a layer of adhesive. In both cases the adhesive serves to resist the interfacial shear stresses necessary to ensure structural composite action between the steel and concrete. For these purposes a cold-cure adhesive is defined as one which is capable of curing to the required strength between the temperatures of 10 °C and 30 °C. 

The construction period will be shortened by the use of a steel containment vessel, a steel plate-reinforced concrete (SC) structure in building structures and by the implementation of a large block construction and modular construction approaches, in addition to the lower stories of the R/B. 

Steel plate-reinforced concrete containment vessel... 

Figure 11.12 Steel plate—reinforced concrete containment structure.

Katoh, A., et al., 2011. Experimental investigations of steel plate reinforced concrete bearing wall for fast reactor containment vessel. In Proceedings of 19th International Conf. Nuclear Engineering (ICONE19), Osaka, Japan, October 24—25, 2011. 

The reactor shield pit occupies the center high-bay area of the building and i.s constructed of 3/4-in. welded steel plate reinforced in such a manner that an internal pressure of 30 psi will be contained. This pressure corresponds to the instantaneous adiabatic release of the entire contents of the reactor system. The chemical processing cells, each 12 ft wide by 2.5 ft long, are designed similarly. 

Besides the application of FRP on RC structures, there are other researches which were focused on the application of FRP on repairing steel members. Roberts (1995) carried out experimental work to examine the behavior of crack growth retardation in steel plates reinforced with carbon fiber composite patching. Fatigue tests of... 

The saddles must be designed to withstand the load imposed by the weight of the vessel and contents. They are constructed of bricks or concrete, or are fabricated from steel plate. The contact angle should not be less than 120°, and will not normally be greater than 150°. Wear plates are often welded to the shell wall to reinforce the wall over the area of contact with the saddle. 

The primary attribute for the security of a door is its strength. Many security doors are 4-20 gauge hollow metal doors consisting of steel plates over a hollow cavity reinforced with steel stiffeners to give the door extra stiffness and rigidity. This increases resistance to blunt force used to try to penetrate through the door. The space between the stiffeners may be filled with specialized materials to provide fire, blast, or bullet resistance to the door. 

The most complete set of overpressure measurements was obtained by Enger and Hartman in the Shell Pipeline study. The data were collected using a spill tank 1.5 m deep and 2.1 m in diameter. The tank was made of 6.3-mm mild steel plate with 12-mm-diameter circumferential reinforcing rods spot-welded to the exterior. The capacity was 5.3 m, but during the tests the water depth was held constant at 1 m (3.8 m ). The LNG was contained in a 0.13-m Dewar made from 6.3-mm mild steel with a stainless steel inner liner. The annulus was evacuated. When spilling, the Dewar lip was about 0.75 m above the water surface. 

FIGURE 2.12 Test unit for determination of coefficient linear expansion of RubCon (1) temperature chamber, (2) RubCon sample, (3, 4) steel plates, (5) pile, (6) indicator, (7) leg of indicator, (8) thermometer. (Reprinted from Yu. Potapov, O. Figovsky, Yu. Borisov, S. Pinaev, and D. Beilin, Joint Work of Reinforcement and Polymer Concrete Matrix, J. Scientific Israel Technological Advantages 4, nos. 3-4 (2002) 14-19. With permission.)... 

If concrete removal is not required or supplementary reinforcing bars cannot be used, external reinforcement can be applied. For instance, steel bars may be encased in a shotcrete layer or steel plates may be bonded onto the concrete surface. Recently, the use of steel plates has been substituted by fibre-reinforced plastics (F. R.P.), that are composite materials with glass, aramide or carbon fibres embedded in a polymeric matrix (usually an epoxy system). F. R.P. are available in the form of laminates or sheets that are bonded to the concrete surface using an epoxy adhesive [11]. They are typically used to improve the flexural and shear strength or to provide confinement to concrete subjected to compression. The... 

Corrosion of Cement-Based Pipes Nearly 17% of US transmission water lines are built from concrete and asbestos concrete materials. Internal steel reinforcement wires and bars (rebar) steel mesh and steel plates are used to provide tensile... 

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