Chamber temperature

Vehicle Fa.ctors. Because knock is a chemical reaction, it is sensitive to temperature and reaction time. Temperature can in turn be affected either by external factors such as the wall temperature or by the amount of heat released in the combustion process itself, which is directiy related to the density of the fuel—air mixture. A vehicle factor which increases charge density, combustion chamber temperatures, or available reaction time promotes the tendency to knock. Engine operating and design factors which affect the tendency to produce knocking are... 

The minienvironment approach to contamination control has been increasing in use. A minienvironment is a localized environment created by an enclosure that isolates the product wafer from contamination and people (48). Another approach is using integrated processing, where consecutive processes are linked in a controlled environment (32). Both requite in situ sensors (qv) to measure internal chamber temperatures, background contamination, gas flow rates, pressure changes, and particularly wafer temperature (4). 

Radiation differs from conduction and convection not only in mathematical structure but in its much higher sensitivity to temperature. It is of dominating importance in furnaces because of their temperature, and in ciyogenic insulation because of the vacuum existing between particles. The temperature at which it accounts for roughly half of the total heat loss from a surface in air depends on such factors as surface emissivity and the convection coefficient. For pipes in free convection, this is room temperature for fine wires of low emissivity it is above red heat. Gases at combustion-chamber temperatures lose more than 90 percent of their energy by radiation from the carbon dioxide, water vapor, and particulate matter. 

The solid fuel composition is, therefore, concerned with the pursuit of higher I p involving both flame temperature elevation and molecular weight reduction. Concomitantly, it is desirable to have high heat of combustion, which also dictates the combustion chamber temperature. The actual composition is, therefore, set on the basis of the energy quantum inherent in the various constituents. 

Investigation of the Feasibility of Measuring the Chamber Temperature of Solid Propellant Rocket Motors by Using Microwave Attenuation Measurements , AFOSR-70-2444TR, Contract F44620-68-C-022, Utah Univ, Salt Lake City (1970) 33) M. Venugopalan, Reactions... 

For most of the experiments reported here the temperature of the ionization chamber was 150 °C., but to investigate the effect of temperature on chemical ionization mass spectra, runs were made at ionization chamber temperatures varying between 216° and 131 °C. 

In the post-combustion chamber temperatures of 900 °C to 1200 °C are reached. The kiln can - like any rotary kihi - handle solid, fluid and gaseous waste streams. Based on the heat capacity of the waste, halogen content, and potential slag formation, an optimal mixture of wastes is determined. By choosing the feed carefully, production of high-quality HCl can be assured. Furthermore, in this way a minimum formation of dioxins and furans can be ensured. 

Chamber load coefficient, 0.75 Initial chamber temperature, 60°C Initial rotor speed, 60 rpm Load rubber, close the ram, 0-20 s... 

Referring to Figure 8, temperature Tc is the chamber temperature and Ts is the surface temperature at the salt solution/vapor interface. The temperature of the chamber is well defined and is an experimental variable, whereas Ts must be higher than Tc due to condensation of vapor on the saturated solution surface. We can determine Ts by applying the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to the problem. Assume that the vapor pressures of the surface and chamber are equal (no pressure gradients), indicating that the temperature must be raised at the surface (to adjust the vapor pressure lowering of the saturated solution) to Pc (at Tc) = Ps (at Tc). However, there is a difference in relative humidity between the surface and the chamber, where RHC is the relative humidity in the chamber and RH0 is the relative humidity of the saturated salt solution, and we obtain... 

It is clear that once we select rectangular coordinates and eliminate convective transport we are left with the temperature profile predicted by a simple film model (discussed in Section III.A). By solving for the heat flux in one dimension it can be seen that the temperature profile is a simple linear function of distance, chamber temperature, and surface temperature. 

To carry out measurements at a fixed temperature, the refrigerator temperature must be kept constant for a suitably long time. The problem of the temperature control depends not only on the refrigerator itself, but on the thermal characteristics of the experiment. Let us now consider an oversimplified case in which heat capacities are neglected the mixing chamber temperature of a dilute refrigerator (DR) is to be controlled by a resistive heater HR and a d.c. power supply. 

Neomycin is insufficiently volatile for direct mass spectrometric analysis. To overcome this problem Inouye- - prepared the volatile N-salicylidene Schiff s base, the M.S. of which, however, did not exhibit a peak for the molecular ion. To observe the molecular ion it was necessary to use the o-trimethylsilyl ether of the N-salicylidene Schiff s base. The spectrum of N-salicylidene neomycin was found to be dependant on the ion-chamber temperature indicating that thermal decomposition plays a significant part in the fragmentation process. 

A small 3 cm x 3.5 cm section of the catalyst-coated desiccant wheel (25 cm diameter) was cut and placed in specially made holder shown in Fig. 12.9-6a. The piece of sample was tested in a 0.2 m3 environmental chamber at Chiaphua Industries Ltd. (Fig. 12.9-6b) for reduction of airborne VOC. The chamber was filled with the target VOCs through two stage saturators shown in Fig. 32b. Once the VOC level in the chamber stabilized, the fan was turned on to circulate the air through the sample. Three sets of sensors were located at the inlet and outlet of the holder, as well as in the center of the chamber. The chamber temperature and relative humidity were kept constant during the test. Figure 12.9-6c shows the results for VOC levels of 4000, 2000 and 1000 ppb at room temperature. The reduction rate was slower because of the low VOC concentration and the poor air circulation in the chamber. Also unlike the Prototype Unit, the catalyst was kept at room temperature throughout the test. 

A257 Seal chamber temperature SEAL TEMP N 13 C... 

DEF-1053 Method No. 26. Alternative running of carbon arcs in 6-hour periods, with a chamber temperature of about 405C. In between carbon arc operational periods, deionized water spraying with a resistivity over 300.000JX.cm. Testing period ... 

In 1981 the Los Alamos National Laboratory investigated for EPA the thermal destruction of wooden boxes treated with penta-chlorophenol (PCP). The incineration system consisted of a dual-chamber, controlled-air incinerator, a spray quench column, a venturi scrubber, and a packed-column acid gas absorber (11). Destruction efficiencies for PCP exceeded 99.99% for combustion chamber temperatures above 980°C, 20% excess air, and a retention time greater than 2.5 s. For these conditions, TCDD and... 

Chamber temperature select Temperature display enable Chamber temperature warning indicator... 

Propellant Performance Data. Specific impulse and chamber temperature for a number of more common hypergolic propellant combinations are in the following table. Hie values are based on shifting equilibrium conditions with a chamber pressure of 1000 psia. Data are from Ref 33... 

The intent of this study is to demonstrate the temperature uniformity and stability of the sterilizing medium throughout the sterilizer. Temperature distribution studies should be conducted on both empty and loaded chambers with maximum and minimum load configurations. Temperature uniformity may be influenced by the type, size, design, and installation of the sterilizer. The manufacturer of the vessel, based on the variables mentioned, should determine a satisfactory empty chamber temperature uniformity. 

A narrow range is required and is generally acceptable if the variation is less than 10°C ( 2°F) of the mean chamber temperature. Significant temperature deviations greater than 2.5°C ( 4.5°F) of the mean chamber temperature may indicate equipment malfunction. Stratified or entrapped air may also cause significant temperature variations within the sterilizer chamber. Initially, a temperature distribution profile should be established from studies conducted on the empty chamber. Confidence may be gained through repetition, and therefore empty chamber studies should be conducted in triplicate in order to obtain satisfactory assurance of consistent results. 

Simulate the freeze drying process to perform an empty chamber temperature distribution study. 

I thought it best to control the flows of nitrogen, natural gas, and air, myself. Basically, the other scabs on the sulfur plant were head office people, whom I did not trust. The reheat phase of the start-up seemed to be going quite slowly. The combustion chamber temperature crept up by 50°F an hour, rather than the normal 150°F per hour. To speed the reheat, I reduced the nitrogen flow. This helped, but not by much. 

Reason number two The indicated combustion chamber temperature was still only 1500°F. 

Behavior of Model Equations. Equations 1 and 3 can be solved numerically if initial charge mass and dimensions and wall chamber temperature, T2, are provided. The numerical solution must incorporate the iteration schemes for pgq outlined in the previous section. Complete details are provided by Rocheleau (6) and Rocheleau et al. (5). 

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