Steel cobalt

Adhesion of Enamel to Steel. Cobalt compounds are used both to color and to enhance adhesion of enamels to steel (55). Cobalt oxide is often incorporated into the ground frit at rates of 0.5—0.6 wt %, although levels from 0.2 to 3 wt % have been used. The frit is fired for ten minutes at 850°C to give a blue enamel that is later coated with a white cover coat. 

Creaies a diffused hum (boron compoundsl case. Base nieials are alloy and tool steels cobalt- and nickel-base alloys Process temperature range is 400-1150 C (750-2100nFi. 

Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the cobalt metal strips and their irradiation can. This manufacturing method was developed at Brookhaven. We have recently developed specifications for an improved metallurgically bonded stainless steel cobalt metal strip in a simplified container. These are now being manufactured commercially.

Orthopedic Joint replacements (hip, knee) Bone plate for fracture fixation Bone cement Bony defect repair Artificial tendon and ligament Titanium, Ti-Al-V alloy, stainless steel, polyethylene Stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy Poly(methyl methacrylate) Hydroxyapatite Teflon, Dacron ... 

Uses Corrosion inhibitor for copper, high copper alloys, aluminum, steel, cobalt, and silver for use In aq. systems, metalworking fluids, metal cleaners, metallic pigments, flash rust Inhibitors, direct treatment, and cooling towers... 

Precaution Dust is flamm. attacked by dil. hydrochloric and sulfuric acids corrodes readily in air explosive reaction with ammonium nitrate + heat ignites on contact with bromine pentafluoride incandescent reaction with acetylene, nitryl fluoride Uses In alloys oxidizing agent lamp filaments in mfg. of cobalt steel, cobalt salts electroplating ceramics catalyst (sulfur removal from petrol., Oxo process, org. synthesis) trace element in fertilizers drier in inks, paints colors cermets in porcelain, glass, pottery, enamels pigment in paints food processing aid cemented carbides jet... 

Sodium phosphate dibasic dihydrate phosphate substitute, detergents Gluconocitrate polyamino EDTA, sodium salt phosphating agent, steel Cobalt phosphate (ous) phosphatizing, metal Sodium acid pyrophosphate phosphatizing, metals Sodium acid pyrophosphate phosphide mfg., metallic Phosphorus, red phosphonium salts... 

The majority of orthopaedic devices are fabricated fix m 316L stainless steel. Cobalt-chromium and titanium-based alloys are used for the remaining share. These latter materials tend to be more durable in in vivo fluids than 316L [90]. Thus, their use tends to be more prevalent in permanent applications such as total joints. 316L, on the other hand, is often used in temporary situations such as fracture fixation. 

More than 100 different coronary stent types are known. Many of them are still available others have been suspended but can still be found in patients that were treated in the past. Stents can be composed of different material. Most products are made from stainless steel. Cobalt-chromium is another material used frequently. Tantalum and nitinol (nickel-titanium alloy) are also being used but less frequently. Stents from biodegradable materials such as magnesium are being evaluated in phase III studies. The degree of artifacts produced by stents from different materials depends largely on the atomic number of the material. Consequently, tantalum causes the strongest artifacts, followed by steel, cobalt-... 

The materials currently used in the production of medical devices include stainless steels, cobalt-base alloys, titanium-base alloys, platinum-base alloys, and nickel-titanium alloys. Steels were the first modern metallic alloys to be used in orthopedics and initial problems with corrosion were overcome by modifying the composition of the steel with the addition of carbon, chromium, and molybdenum. Carbon was added at low concentrations (ca. 0.03-0.08%) to initiate carbide formation, while the addition of chromium (17-19%) facilitated the formation of a stable surface oxide layer and the presence of molybdenum (2.0-3.0%) was found to control corrosion. The compositions of stainless steels used can vary widely. Table V shows the limits for the chemical compositions of three different alloys containing eleven different elements together with the mechanical properties for the samples after annealing and cold working. 

Enhancement of corrosion resistance can bring huge dividends, as nanostructured materials are also superior in mechanical and electronic properties. Nanostructured metals, which are expected to be stronger, harder and tougher, can provide very hard coatings that are more resistant to corrosion, useful for applications in defense armor, aerospace components, constraction equipment, medical devices, sports equipment, etc. Efforts are focused on the commercialization of nanostractured alloys (steel, cobalt alloys, etc.) as well as nanostroctured bulk metals (Cu, Ni, Zr, Ti, etc.). A number of leading research and development institutes and companies... 

Bone plate for fracture fixation Stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy... 

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