Orthopaedic devices

It is obtained by the copolymerisation of 3-hydroxybutanolc acid and 3 - hydroxypentanoic acid. PHBV is used In speclalily packaging, orthopaedic devices and in controlled release of drugs. PHBV undergoes bacterial degradation m the environment. 

ALP activity and gene expression of osteogenic markers. Hence, this treatment is potentially useful to develop orthopaedic devices with enhanced properties. 

Carlsson a and Moller H (1989) Implantation of orthopaedic devices in patients with metal allergy. Acta Dermatol Venerol (Stockh) 69 62-66. 

Poustis, J., Baquey C., and Chauveaux, D. (1994). Mechanical properties of cellulose in orthopaedic devices and related environments, Clin. Mater.. 16,119-124. 

J.C. Middleton, A.J. Tipton, Synthetic biodegradable polymers as orthopaedic devices. Biomaterials 21 (2000) 2335-2346. 

Jiang B, Li B. Polypeptide nanocoatings for preventing dental and orthopaedic device-associated infection pH-induced antibiotic capture, release, and antibiotic efficacy. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2009 88(2) 332-8. Available from PM 18161817. 

Gutta percha - trans-, A Wire coatings, textile belting, varnishes, orthopaedic devices, golf ball covers... 

Surgical (28), Therapeutic (21) Orthopaedic devices (87) Prosthetic Polymer Polymer... 

The medical back belt with integrated neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is an orthopaedic device that is able to stabilize the back after lumbar disk herniation and stimulate the muscles to make back muscle growth possible and to prevent the back from having on-going pain (Fig. 6.1). 

During and after disk herniations the back muscles are weak and need to be protected and stabilized. Therefore, doctors and physiotherapists make use of different therapies to build up the back muscles to prevent further disk herniations and to support the healing process. Furthermore, they make use of orthopaedic devices like elastic corsets and temporary trunk orthosis. Usually orthopaedic devices can be very helpful and relieving because of the stabilization of the back, but if patients predominantly use this device it will take over the function of the muscles. The muscles will not be stimulated any more so they will get weaker every day [1]. Muscle weakness will be a big problem because most of disk herniations occur because of weak and feeble muscles in the back that are not able to hold the backbone and movements in lateral and dorsal direction as well as rotational motions [2]. 

Orthopaedic devices like elastic corsets, braces or temporary trunk orthosis are made out of very strong material to achieve support and stabilization. Materials like cotton Drell are suitable because of their properties such as breathabUity and flexibility. The applied materials have to be very strong because they have to make sure that the back will be supported during their use. 

In orthopaedic applications natural materials are frequently used rather than synthetic materials because orthopaedic products are mostly applied directly onto the skin. Therefore, irritations have to be prevented. Cotton (eg, Drell and Molton ) and wool are often used because of their properties. Cotton is a very strong, breathable, antistatic and skin-friendly material. The only disadvantages are that cotton has less flexibility and bad heat insulation. Furthermore, wool is used for orthopaedic devices because of the elasticity, dimension stability and heat insulafion capabUity. Cotton is frequently used for bandages and for products that are directly applied on the skin. 

For the back belt, materials were selected to develop a strong and flexible product. The main properties of the chosen materials included flexibility, breathability, antistatic, hydrophUic and pleasant to the skin. For the first and second layers a cotton twUl material is used because this material is strong, breathable, antistatic and pleasant to the skin. Because of its properties, the material is used in the inner surface of the medical back belt where it is directly applied onto the skin. The third layer is a nonwoven polyester filling, which gives extra stability and comfort. As a fourth layer, cotton DreU material is used because of its outstanding strength and flexible properties. This material is often used in orthopaedic devices such as orthopaedic corsets and for temporary trunk orthosis because it can support and stabilize the parts of the body where it is applied. In the medical back belt it is applied in both sides of the product so that a straight posture can be achieved. Furthermore, PES tricot is used for more support and flexibility. Because of the combination of these four different materials, the stabilization and comfort can be realized by the back belt. 

On the right-hand side of the belt the hook-and-loop fastener is inserted to close the medical back belt. Velcro closures are frequently used in orthopaedic devices because they can be employed very easily. Most of the orthopaedic devices have to be custom-made because they have to ht very precisely. With a Velcro closure the medical back belt can be closed individually, and only general sizes like s, m, 1, xl and xxl have to be produced. The whole construction of the outer and inner surface is shown in Fig. 6.4. 

The corrosion response within the human body is of most interest in this field. However, direct electrochemical testing in humans ranges from difficult (in the mouth) [i], to virtually impossible (for orthopaedic devices for example) because of ethical, safety, legal, and regulatory considerations. Consequently, much effort has been devoted to identifying alternative environments which, to a greater (or lesser) degree, simulate the corrosion conditions in vivo in humans. 

The majority of orthopaedic devices are fabricated fix m 316L stainless steel. Cobalt-chromium and titanium-based alloys are used for the remaining share. These latter materials tend to be more durable in in vivo fluids than 316L [90]. Thus, their use tends to be more prevalent in permanent applications such as total joints. 316L, on the other hand, is often used in temporary situations such as fracture fixation. 

The elastico ML has potential for many sensing and imaging devices such as stress sensor, visualization of stress distributions in solids, visualization of stress distribution near tip of the crack, visualization of quasidynamic crack propagation in solids, visualization of defect in pipe, light sources, mechanical evaluation of orthopaedic devices like artificial legs, ML-based health monitoring system, etc. 

The chapter deals with a brief account of various topics in polyethylene-based blends, composites and nanocomposites. We discuss the different topics such as ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for orthopaedics devices, stabilization of irradiated polyethylene by the introduction of antioxidants, polyethylene-based conducting polymer blends and composites, polyethylene composites with hgnocellulosic material, LDH as nanofillers of nanocomposite materials based on polyethylene, ultra high molecular weight polyethylene and its reinforcement/oxidative stability with carbon nanotubes in medical devices, montmorillonite polyethylene nanocomposites, and characterization methods for polyethylene based composites and nanocomposites. 

Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) for Orthopaedic Devices Structure/ Property Relationships... 

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