Oxidation alloys

Structural, Al alloy Oxidation catalyst Fluxes, enamel frit Glass, ceramics Detergents Fire retardants Rubber catalyst Photographic Antiknock agents Medicinals Fertilizers... 

In practice, thermal cycling rather than isothermal conditions more frequently occurs, leading to a deviation from steady state thermodynamic conditions and introducing kinetic modifications. Lattice expansion and contraction, the development of stresses and the production of voids at the alloy-oxide interface, as well as temperature-induced compositional changes, can all give rise to further complications. The resulting loss of scale adhesion and spalling may lead to breakaway oxidation " in which linear oxidation replaces parabolic oxidation (see Section 1.10). 

Table 1.4 Spinel phases encountered in alloy oxidation...

Prengaman, R. D. Improvements in Alloys, Oxides and Expanders for Lead Batteries, Lead Development Association, London 3 (1984)... 

High strength Ti-l5Mo-3Nb-3AI-0-25i alloy, oxidation resistant 965 1035-1350 4 96 4-92 St ... 

Soft X-ray XAS is a useful method for studying surface films and the chemical environment of dilute components in alloys, oxides, and corrosion films. 

Thamizhmani G, Capuano GA. 1994. Improved electrocatal)Tic oxygen reduction performance of platinum ternary alloy-oxide in solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 141 968-975. 

Aluminium-titanium alloys Oxidants Hafnium Alone, etc. 

Aluminium-titanium alloys See Aluminium-titanium alloys Oxidants... 

The use of EM (except in the special case of SEM) demands that the catalyst, whether mono-or multi-phasic, be thin enough to be electron transparent. But, as we show below, this seemingly severe condition by no means restricts its applicability to the study of metals, alloys, oxides, sulfides, halides, carbons, and a wide variety of other materials. Most catalyst powder preparations and supported metallic catalysts, provided that representative thin regions are selected for characterization, are found to be electron transparent and thus amenable to study by EM without the need for further sample preparation. 

The collected papers of a symposium at Dallas, April 1956, cover all aspects of the handling, use and hazards of lithium, sodium, potassium, their alloys, oxides and hydrides, in 19 chapters [1], Interaction of all 5 alkali metals with water under various circumstances has been discussed comparatively [2], In a monograph covering properties, preparation, handling and applications of the enhanced reactivity of metals dispersed finely in hydrocarbon diluents, the hazardous nature of potassium dispersions, and especially of rubidium and caesium dispersions is stressed [3], Alkaline-earth metal dispersions are of relatively low hazard. Safety practices for small-scale storage, handling, heating and reactions of lithium potassium and sodium with water are reviewed [4],... 

M. Piccone, USP 3396060 (1968) CA 69, 78900 (1968) describes a long-burning, low d incendiary compsn containing Ti/Al-Mg alloy/ oxidizer. The oxidizers used were Ba or Amm nitrates and K-perchlorate... 

Although Chapter 11 is especially devoted to the morphological stability of solid-solid interfaces during reaction, it is necessary in the context of alloy oxidation to... 

Alloy oxidation processes are far more complex than the oxidation of metallic elements. Let us also distinguish between external and internal oxidation. In external oxidation, a layer forms by way of a heterogeneous reaction as discussed in Chapter 7. In this section, however, we are concerned with the internal oxidation of alloys. Pure metal A can only be oxidized externally. The simplest system for the study of internal oxidation is the binary metal alloy (A,B), to which we shall confine our discussion. 

An alloy oxidizes internally if the less noble solute B, which has been dissolved in the more noble metal A, is oxidized to BO (BO ) in the interior of the metal matrix before it has time to diffuse to the surface (where oxygen is available with sufficiently high activity). In other words, oxygen is transported into the crystal faster than B diffuses from the interior to the surface. The situation is illustrated in Figure 9-1. Internal oxidation is observed, for example, if Ag alloyed with small additions of Al, Cd, or Cu is exposed to air. When the Gibbs energy of BO (BO ) formation... 

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