ARTIFICIAL TENDON

Artificial tendons, artificial Polytetrafiuoroethylene, polyester, Woven, braided... 

Carbon is inactive in blood and is not rejected from the human body. It is therefore increasingly used in artificial limbs, tendons and heart valves. 

Teflon was introduced to the public in 1960 when the first Teflon-coated muffin pans and frying pans were sold. Like many new materials, problems were encountered. Bonding to the surfaces was uncertain at first. Eventually the bonding problem was solved. Teflon is now used for many other applications including acting as a biomedical material in artificial corneas, substitute bones for nose, skull, hip, nose, and knees ear parts, heart valves, tendons, sutures, dentures, and artificial tracheas. It has also been used in the nose cones and heat shield for space vehicles and for their fuel tanks. 

PIA-Calcium Phosphate-Based Glass Fibers Artificial Tendon and Ligament... 

The lower layer of Yannas s artificial skin consists of a 2-mm thick matrix of collagen fibers, obtained from bovine tendons, and... 

Orthopedic Joint replacements (hip, knee) Bone plate for fracture fixation Bone cement Bony defect repair Artificial tendon and ligament Titanium, Ti-Al-V alloy, stainless steel, polyethylene Stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloy Poly(methyl methacrylate) Hydroxyapatite Teflon, Dacron ... 

The discovery of a hydrogel with good mechanical performance should enable the hydrogel to find a wide application in industry, such as in fuel cell membranes, load-bearing water absorbents, separation membranes, optical devices, low friction gel machines, and in the printing industry and biomechanical fields, such as for artificial cartilages, tendons, blood vessels, and other biotissues. 

In cases of attempted suicide, often fatal intoxications occur where, in spite of early hospitalization, patients are beyond remedy. Initially, signs of recovery may be observed, but after 2-3 days patients relapse with a measurable increase in OP plasma concentrations. This phenomenon is called intermediary syndrome (IMS), first described by Senananyake et al. in 1987, and is possibly a consequence of a severe intoxication with permanent depolarization of the neuromuscular end-plates and constant excitation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the CNS of the patient. The IMS is clinically characterized by acute respiratory paresis, weakness of facial, palatal, external ocular, nuchal and proximal limb muscles and depressed tendon reflexes. Some authors propose that an insufficient therapy with oximes or atropine (see Section 9.2.5) and inadequate artificial respiration in the early stages of intoxication may cause the occurrence of an IMS. It is further remarkable that only some distinct OP agents (e.g. fenthion, dimethoate, monocrotophos and methamidophos) seem capable of producing the IMS. 

Other biomedical applications of polymers include sustained and controlled drug delivery formulations for implantation, transdermal and trans-cornealuses, intrauterine devices, etc. (6, 7). Major developments have been reported recently on the use of biomaterials for skin replacement (8), reconstruction of vocal cords (9), ophthalmic applications such as therapeutic contact lenses, artificial corneas, intraocular lenses, and vitreous implants (10), craniofacial, maxillofacial, and related replacements in reconstructive surgery (I), and neurostimulating and other electrical-stimulating electrodes (I). Orthopedic applications include artificial tendons (II), prostheses, long bone repair, and articular cartilage replacement (I). Finally, dental materials and implants (12,13) are also often considered as biomaterials. 

Benicewicz, B. C., Oser, Z., Clemow, A. J. and Shalaby, S. W., Artificial Absorbable Ligament or Tendon Prostheses Containing Lactide or Glycolide-Lactide Pol5uneric Fibers, European Patent Application (to J J Orthopedic Co.) 302, 979, 1987. 

Rasmussen L (2009) Electroactive materials and electroactive actuators that act as artificial muscle, tendon, and skin. US Patent Application 12/319804... 

A. Melvin, A. Litsky, J. Mayerson, K. Stringer, D. Melvin, N. Juncosa-Melvin, An artificial tendon to connect the quadriceps muscle to the tibia, J. Orthop. Res. 29 (2011) 1775-1782. 

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