Detergents polyphosphates

Polyphosphates are used as detergents (calgon) but disposal of the residual phosphate causes major problems Phosphates are of importance as flame-proofing agents. See also phosphorus. 

Zeohtes have high potential for protecting ecosystems, from faciUtating wastewater and gas treatment to providing water softeners in detergents to replace the undesirable polyphosphate. 

Sequestration forms the basis for detergent and water-treatment appHcations of polyphosphates. Sequestration of hardness ions by sodium tripolyphosphate used in detergent formulations prevents the precipitation of surfactants by the hardness ions. Sodium polyphosphate glass (SHMP) may be added to water system to prevent the formation of calcium or magnesium scales by reducing the activity of the hardness ions. However, if the ratio of cation to polyphosphate is too high at a given pH, insoluble precipitates such as may result instead of the soluble polyphosphate complexes. The... 

First P nmr chemical shifts measured by W. C. Dickinson (for POCh. PCl., etc. relative to aq. H. POa) Detergents (using polyphosphates) overtake soap as main washing agent in the USA. (Heavy duty liquid detergents with polyphosphates introduced in 1953.)... 

Phosphates are another common ingredient of alkali cleaners. They have both detergent and peptisation properties. The pyro- and polyphosphates in particular have water softening capabilities. 

Therefore in many countries the use of surfactants derived from phosphonic acid are limited by law, especially for surfactants of mass products like household detergents that will flow into wastewater effluents. The difficulty in formulating detergents without inorganic polyphosphates is discussed in Ref. 206. 

The sodium salts of these acids, sodium pyrophosphate (Na4 P2 O7) and sodium triphosphate (Nas P3 Oio), have been used widely in detergents. The polyphosphate anions are good additives for cleansing agents because... 

In addition to the ability of polyphosphates to bond cations they also possess the important property of hindering the formation of large crystallites of CaCO i and of solid boiler scale, even when present at very small concentrations (239). This property, which is used in the threshold or in-noculation process, is based on the bonding or adsorption of polyphosphate chains on the surface of the crystal nucleus. These then hinder its further growth or aggregation. The effectiveness of detergents to which polyphosphates have been added must also be related to their adsorption on the... 

Alternatively, finely powdered zeolites may be used in detergent powders as a builder since zeolite particles smaller than 10 pm do not stick to clothing. Formerly, sodium polyphosphates (Section 7.7) were used extensively as detergent builders to tie up the Ca2+ and Mg2+ in hard water as soluble complexes (or as a precipitate that washes away). However, many communities ban phosphate detergents because of pollution problems (Sections 7.7 and 9.6), thus creating a major new market for zeolites. 

Active detergent Tri polyphosphate Fluorescent dye Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium sulfate... 

Condensed polyphosphates such as sodium triphosphate are of great industrial importance since they arc used in large tonnages as "builders" in the manufacture of detergents. As such they function to adjust the pH and to complex water-hardening ions such as Ca2+ and Mg2+.17 Industrially, sodium triphosphate is rot made from the reaction of Eq. 16.12 but from dehydration of sodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate mixtures ... 

The IC analysis of polyphosphates and polycar-boxylates (builders in detergents) is complicated by strong affinities of these compounds toward ion exchangers [54]. CE can readily be used for this... 

The presence of polyphosphate detergent in the cleaning formulation (some of which will revert to orthophosphate) will, under most circumstances, lead to passivation of the clean metal surfaces. Additionally, as part of the water treatment program start-up procedure, it may prove useful to supplement this initial passivation with 2 to 3x the normal reserve of maintenance inhibitor chemical treatment for a period of 1 to 2 weeks. 

In XANES spectra of tribofilms, both the phosphorus and sulfur signals are very weak compared to ZDDP used alone. For all the concentrations (1%, 2%, 5%) of dispersant PIBS used, antiwear polyphosphate films were formed and unreacted ZDDP was not present in the film. These results imply that antiwear films are much thinner than either tribofilm generated by ZDDP alone or ZDDP with the detergent. This confirms that the PIBS dispersants compete for ZDDP adsorption on the surface (Yin, 1997b). 

The XANES spectra of the tribofilms were recorded in the bulk FY mode, and in the surface TEY mode from the ZDDP and calcium phenate. The (S) L-edge and (P) L-edge XANES spectra indicate that sulfur in sulfide form was only present on the topmost part of the film the phosphorus signaled that the topmost surface contained relatively long polyphosphates, and the bulk chemistry of the film contained mostly shorter-chain polyphosphates. Using a range of concentrations of two detergents, it was concluded that calcium phenate influences the film formation much more than calcium sulfonate, and thus calcium phenate solubilize excess ZDDP from film surfaces more effectively (Yin et al., 1997). 

The phosphorus and sulfur L-edge XANES spectra of the tribofilms phenate-ZDDP were recorded in the bulk FY mode, and in the surface TEY mode for three concentrations of calcium phenate. The surface TEY spectrum assigned for the lowest concentration (0.5 wt%) of the calcium phenate has been assigned to the absence of (unreacted) ZDDP. The chain lengths (number of P) in the phosphates in the tribofilms were estimated they decreased from 44 in 0.5 wt% calcium phenate to 8 in 1 wt% calcium phenate and even further to 5 in 2 wt% calcium phenate. The same trend is followed in the bulk FY mode. This indicates that the polyphosphate chain lengths are shorter in the bulk without detergents (Yin et al., 1997a). 

Concentrating phosphoric acid leads to polyphosphoric acid, a mixture of several polymeric species, a good catalyst and dehydrating agent. Polyphosphate salts are used as water softeners in detergents or as buffers in food. Small quantities of elemental phosphorus are used to make matches, and phosphorus halides to prepare specialty chemicals for the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. 

Oxidized starch reagents may be used in washing powders as substituents of polyphosphates [11]. As investigations show OSR possess the number of unique physical-chemical properties allowing hoping on their application as one of the main components of detergents. 

Ion-exchange in detergents, A zeolites replacing the polluting polyphosphates (1974)... 

Some representative linear polyphosphates are the alkali salts M PjO, (pyrophosphates) and M5P3Oi0 (tripolyphosphates). Many detergents contain Na5P3Oi0, and it has other industrial uses. In detergents the triphosphate serves to sequester Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Using Ln3+ ions as models, the mode of complexation was shown by nmr to involve attachment of two tetradentate P3Ofo ions. 

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