Hardness changes

The gas has to be dilute because the collision cylinders are assumed not to overlap, and also because collisions between more than two particles are neglected. Also it is assumed that/hardly changes over 8r so that the distribution fimctions for both colliding particles can be taken at the same position r. 

The solubility of oxygen in water with a salt content up to 1 mol L is only dependent on the temperature. The oxygen concentrations in equilibrium with air amount to (in mg L- ) 0°C, 14 10°C, 11 20°C, 9 and 30°C, 7. The depth of water has no effect in the case of ships. In Hamburg harbor in summer, 7.3 mg L are measured in depths up to 7 m. The value can be much lower in polluted harbors and even fall to zero [8]. In the open sea, constant values are found at depths of up to 20 m. With increasing depth, the Oj content in oceans with low flow rates decreases [12] but hardly changes at all with depth in the North Sea [13]. 

If spiral growth occurs due to the existence of screw dislocations, the results depend upon whether the diffusion length ijy is smaller or larger than the typical separation of the spiral arms i. In the first case the situation hardly changes from the purely kinetic situation without diffusion, but in the second case interaction between steps comes into effect [90] and phenomena such as step bunching [91] take place. We can estimate qualitatively the... 

The enthalpies of reactants and products are both affected by a temperature rise and the difference between their values hardly changes. The same is true of the entropies. As a result, the values of AH° and A.S° do not change much with temperature. However, AG° does depend on temperature (remember the T in AG° = AH° — TA,S °) and might change sign as the temperature is changed. There are four cases to consider ... 

When a drop of strong acid is added to water, the pH changes significantly. However, when the same amount is added to a buffer, the pH hardly changes at all. To understand why not, consider the dynamic equilibrium between a weak acid and its conjugate base in water ... 

Notice how the energies of the Eg and T2g terms from D vary with Dq in very nearly the same way as does that of the ground 2 term. Because of this parallelism, the transition energy from A2g F) Egi D) hardly changes during the course of any vibration that affects the magnitude of Dq. The transition is thus seen as a... 

Chain polymerisation Monomer concentration decreases steadily with time. High molar mass polymer is formed at once and the molar mass of such early molecules hardly changes at all as reaction proceeds. Long reaction times give higher yields but do not affect molar mass. The reaction mixture contains only monomer, high molar mass polymer, and a low concentration of growing chains. 

The relation between the slide ratio [s = 2 ui-U2)/ui + U2 and the film thickness is shown from Figs. 20-22, which indicate that the film thickness hardly changes with the slide... 

Another important point to consider is that of control. As Fig. 2.17 shows, when the enzymes are almost saturated the rate hardly changes with the concentration of the substrate, implying that the rate of product formation cannot be controlled by [S]. Of course, control is optimally possible in the low substrate concentration regime. Hence, in cases where substrate control of the rate is important, the reaction should ideally proceed in the region of [S] between 5 and IOKm. 

After treatment at 373 K in helium flow, the coordination numbers of Mo-0, Mo-S and Mo-Mo were not largely different from those in the cluster 1 and the distances of Mo-0, Mo-S and Mo-Mo were hardly changed. After treatment at 573 K in He flow, however, the color of NaY changed from brown to black and the curve fitting results of the EXAFS data exhibited lower coordination numbers of all interactions than those of the cluster 1. The decrease in the coordination number seems to be not due to the decrease in sulfur amount in the catalyst but to the disordering of each interaction since the S/Mo ratio hardly decreased after thermal treatment. These results show that the structure of the cluster 1 loaded on NaY was maintained at 373 K, but lost at 573 K. 

For the soda-Hme-silica glasses this is about 2-5 gm/cm for the borosilicate glasses it is very nearly 2-25 gm/cm and hardly changes with slight variations in composition. Wembley L.l. lead glass has a density of 3-08. A very dense lead glass has a density of 5-2. 

Finally, it is appropriate to close this chapter with an example from the roots of fine chemicals the dyestuff, indigo. Manufacture of indigo involves chemistry (see Fig. 2.15) which has hardly changed from the time of the first commercial synthesis more than a hundred years ago (see earlier). Mitsui Toatsu has developed a two-step process in which indole is produced by vapour-phase reaction of ethylene glycol with aniline over a supported silver catalyst (Inoue et al., 1994). Subsequent liquid-phase oxidation of the indole, with an alkyl hydroperoxide in the presence of a soluble molybdenum catalyst, affords indigo. 

Water used to adjust water content in silica gel should be sprayed uniformly. The water content is measured by heating at 105 °C. If it is not uniformly sprayed, the position of the first elution of fenothiocarb hardly changes, but the fraction will be collected over an extended period. 

It was also established that the distribution of the liquid phase in the reactor depends on the reactor start-up procedure. When the flow rate of liquid AMS is reduced from 1.47 x 10 1 g s 1 (Figure 5.4.6, images 43 and 45) down to 2.96 x 10-2 g s 1 (images 85 and 87), the distribution of the liquid phase hardly changes and the catalyst bed contains a substantial amount of liquid. At the same time, if... 

Since the water concentration hardly changes, this (bimolecular) reaction scheme is reduced to the pseudo-first-order expression... 

A remarkable feature common to both iPP and sPP is that the lamellar morphological units of the mesophase obtained at ca. 0 °C evidenced by electron microscopy [38,39], hardly change in lateral size, thickness, or shape upon annealing and recrystallizing into the stable crystal form at about 80 °C. 

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