Staphylococcal enterotoxin A

Betley, M.J. and Mekalanos, J.J., Staphylococcal enterotoxin A is encoded by phage. 

De Boer, M.L., Kum, W.W. and Chow, A.W., Staphylococcus aureus isogenic mutant, deficient in toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 but not staphylococcal enterotoxin A production, exhibits attenuated virulence in a tampon-associated vaginal infection model of toxic shock syndrome, Can. J. Microbiol., 45, 250-256,... 

Rasooly, L., and Rasooly, A. (1999). Real time biosensor analysis of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A in food. Int. ]. Food Microbiol. 49,119-127. 

Antileukinate has also been shown to block Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA)-induced neutrophil infiltration into the lung... 

Rapid diagnostic assays for detection of toxin agents are available for Botulinum Toxin Clostridium Perfringens Toxin Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and Staphylococcal Enterotoxins A/C1,2,3/D... 

Park CE, Szabo R (1986) Evaluation of the reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) test kits for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, and D in foods. Can J Microbiol 32 723-727... 

Hartwig U, Gerlach D, Fleischer B Major histocompatibility complex class II binding site for streptococcal pyrogenic (erythrogenic) toxin A. Med Microbiol Immunol 1994 183 257-264. Hudson KR, Tiedemann RE, Urban RG, Lowe SC, Strominger JL, Fraser JD Staphylococcal enterotoxin A has two cooperative binding sites on major histocompatibility complex class II. J Exp Med 1995 182 711-720. 

Mehindate K, Thibodeau I, Dohlsten M, Kalland T, Sekaly RP, Mourad W Cross-linking of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by staphylococcal enterotoxin A superantigen is a requirement for inflammatory cytokine gene expression. J Exp Med 1995 182 1573-1577. 

Langford MP, Stanton GJ, Johnson HM Biological effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on human peripheral lymphocytes. Infect Immun 1978 22 62-68. 

Schroder E, Kunstmann G, Hasbach H, Pulverer G Prevalence of serum antibodies to toxic-shock-syndrome-toxin-1 and to staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B and C in West-Germany. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1988 270 110-114. 

Abrahmsen L, Dohlsten M, Segren S, Bjork P, Jonsson E, Kalland T Characterization of two distinct MHC class II binding sites in the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A. EMBO J 1995 14 2978-2986. 

Wright AD, Chapes SK Cross-linking staphylococcal enterotoxin A bound to major histocompatibility complex class I is required forTNF-alpha secretion. Cell Immunol 1999 197 129-135. 

Domiati-Saad R, Lipsky PE Staphylococcal enterotoxin A induces survival of VH3-expressing human B cells by binding to the VH region with low affinity. J Immunol 1998 161 1257-1266. 

The bacterial SAgs (bSAgs) staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) rapidly induce massive cytokine production in vivo that can cause toxic shock or death [7, 8], Thus, high serum levels of IL-2 and TNF-a are detected within 1 h after injection into mice [9-11],... 

Dohlsten M, Bjorklund M, Sundstedt A, Hedlund G, Samson D, Kalland T Immunopharmacology of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A in T-cell receptor V beta 3 transgenic mice. Immunology 1993 79 520-527. 

Bavari S, Ulrich RG Staphylococcal enterotoxin A and toxic shock syndrome toxin compete with CD4 for human major histocompatibility complex class II binding. Infect Immun 1995 63 423 429. 

N. Kawashima and A.W. Kusnecov, Effects of staphylococcal enterotoxin A on pituitary-adrenal activation and neophobic behaviour in the C57 BL/6 mouse, Journal of Neuroimmunology, 123, 2002, 41-9. 

T. Kaneta and A.W. Kusnecov, The role of central corticotropin-releasing hormone in the anorexic and endocrine effects of the bacterial T cell superantigen, Staphylococcal enterotoxin A, Brain, Behaviour, and Immunity, 19, 2005, 138-46. 

A. Rossi-George et al., Neuronal, endocrine, and anorexic responses to the T-cell superantigen Staphylococcal enterotoxin A Dependence on tumor necrosis factor-a, Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 2005, 5314-22. 

Staphylococcus aureus produces a set of proteins [e.g., staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), SEB, toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1)], which act both as superantigens and toxins. Hamad and coworkers (66)found dose-dependent, facilitated transcytosis of SEB and TSST-1, but not SEA, in Caco-2 cells. They extended their studies in mice in vivo by showing that ingested SEB appears in the blood more efficiently than does SEA. 

Fischer, H., Dohlsten, M., Andersson, U., Hedlund, G., Ericsson, P., Hansson, J., and Sjogren, H. O. Production of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta by staphylococcal enterotoxin A activated human T cells. J. Immunol. 144, 4663-4669 (1990). 

Lando, P. A., Dohlsten, M., Kalland, T., Sjogren, H. O., and Carlsson, R. The TcR-CD3 complex is required for activation of human lymphocytes with staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Scand. J. Immunol. 31, 133-138 (1990). 

Lee, J. M., and Watts, T. H. Binding of staphylococcal enterotoxin A to purified murine MHC class II molecules in supported lipid bilayers. J. Immunol. 145, 3360-3366 (1990). 

Antibodies to Staphylococcal enterotoxin A and E Enterotoxin A or E CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B 176... 

Fraser JD. High-affinity binding of staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B to HLA-DR. Nature. 1989 339 221-223. 

Mollick JA, Cook RG, Rich RR. Class II MHC molecules are specific receptors for staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Science. 1989 244 817-820. 

Ulrich RG, Bavari S, Olson M. Staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B share a common structural motif for binding class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Nat Struct Biol. 1995 2 554-560. 

Lapeyre, C. Janin, F. Kaveri, S. V. Indirect double sandwich ELISA using monoclonal antibodies for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, Cl, and D in food samples. Food Microbiol., 5 25-31. 1988. 

PLGA Protective effect of recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin A Vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus infection [56]... 

Chen, L. Li, S. Wang, Z. Chang, R. Su, J. Han, B. Protective effect of recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin A entrapped in polylactic-co-glycolic acid microspheres against Staphylococcus aureus infection. Vet. Res. 2012,43 (1), 1-20. 

Laser-induced fluorescence polarization (LIFP) has been used as a detection technique in immunocapillary electrophoresis analysis of haptens. Polarization of fluorescence depends on the molecular size of the molecule. Small molecules exhibit low fluorescence polarization. LIFP was used to distinguish the peak of the fluorescent hapten-Ab complex from the peak of the excess of free fluorescent hapten in competitive assays [124]. Besides, the dependence of LIFP on molecular size has made it possible to perform quantitation without separating free from bound labeled hapten [125]. An attempt to use LIFP to quantitate staphylococcal enterotoxin A (28 kDa) did not show an increase of polarization upon formation of the Ag-Ab complex due to the high molecular weight of the Ag [126]. Formation of the complex could be identified by measuring the LIFP peak while varying the Ag/Ab ratio. 

Tsai WC, Li IC. SPR-based immunosensor for determining staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Sens Actuators B Chem 2009 136 8-12. 

---