Biosensor analysis

Biosensor analysis is a very sensitive md sophisticated opticed technique that is now used routinely to measure the kinetics md thermodyncunics of interactions between biopolymers. A biosensor detects chemges in the opticed properties of a surface in contact with a biopolymer. 

The refractive index, n, of the medium, the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum, c, to its speed c in the medium is n,=c/c. A heam of light changes direction ( bends ) when it passes from a region of one refractive index to a region with a different refractive index. 

A parabolic potential results in harmonic oscillation. At high vibrational excitation energies the parabolic approximation is poor. 

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Frostell-Karlsson, A., Widegren, H., Green, C. E., Hamalainen, M. D., Westerlund, L., Karlsson, R., Fenner, K., Van De Waterbeemd, H. Biosensor analysis of the interaction between drug compounds and liposomes of different properties a two-dimensional characterization tool for estimation of membrane absorption. /. Pharm. Sci. 2005, 94, 25-37. 

Rich, R. L., and Myszka, D. G. (2000). Advances in surface plasmon resonance biosensor analysis. Cuir. Opinion Biotechnol. 11, 54-61. 

Ren, H. Vollmer, F. Arnold, S. Libchaber, A., Fligh Q microsphere biosensor analysis for adsorption of rodlike bacteria, Opt. Express 2007, 15, 17410 17423... 

Erostell-Karlsson, A., Remaeus, A., Roos, H., Andersson, K, Borg, P., Hiimalainen, M. and Karlsson, R. (2000) Biosensor analysis of the interaction between immobilized human serum albumin and drug compounds for prediction of human serum albumin binding levels. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 43, 1986-1992. 

Rasooly, L., and Rasooly, A. (1999). Real time biosensor analysis of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A in food. Int. ]. Food Microbiol. 49,119-127. 

The immune biosensor analysis was carried out in the SPR-4 M device produced by the Institute of Physics of Semiconductors of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences. SPR spectroscopy was carried out in the Kretschmann configuration using He-Ne laser ( i=632.8 nm), goniometer (G-5 M), glass prism (the angle at the basis 68°) and photodiode (FD 263). The optical contact between the prism and the metallic layer was achieved by the application of polyphenyl ether (refractive index n= 1.62). 

Similar tests were carried out with the blood serum obtained from the National Reference Laboratory for FBI (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Germany). In this case a pool of 21 serum samples was analyzed. The results of three methods were in agreement except for two samples for which ELISA tests were low positive, whereas the immune biosensor analysis results were negative. 

Food Biosensor Analysis, edited by Gabriele Wagner and George G. Guilbault... 

E. Gustavsson, P. Bjurling and A. Sternesjo, Biosensor analysis of penicillin G in milk based on the inhibition of carboxypeptidase activity, Anal. Chim. Acta, 468 (2002) 153-159. 

The immunoglobulins have been the subject of biosensor analysis, both as model analytes for generic sensor development and in their own right as antibodies of clinical interest. A selection of recent papers is given in Table 23.4. 

Karlsson, R., et al., Biosensor analysis of drug-target interactions direct and competitive binding assays for investigation of interactions between thrombin and thrombin inhibitors. Anal Biochem, 2000, 278, 1-13. 

Gustavsson, E. and A. Stemesjo. 2004. Biosensor analysis of P-lactams in milk Comparison with microbiological, immunological, and receptor-based screening methods. J. AOAC Int. 87 614—620. 

Small dimensions are also advantageous with respect to heat transfer in reactions such as the polymerase chain reaction (PGR) that are highly dependent on rapid temperatme changes and that are frequently used as sample preparation step prior to biosensor analysis. Reactions taking tjq)ically in the order of hours in a standard thermocycler have been reduced to a few minutes in microchannels [82]. 

As a final example molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) are mentioned here. Mosbach and co-workers were among the pioneers of developing these polymers and applying them to biosensor analysis in the mid-1990s [138]. 

Sigolaeva, L.V., Makowe, A., Eremenko, A. V., Makhaeva, G.F., Malygin, V.V., Kurochkin I.V., and Scheller, F., Neuropathy target esterase activity in blood Biosensor analysis, Neurotoxicology, 21,637-638,2000 (abstract). 

Retra K, Irth H, Muijlwijk-Koezen JE (2010) Surface plasmon resonance biosensor analysis as a useful tool in FBDD. Drug Discov Today Technol 7 el81-el87... 

Shelver, W.L., and Smith, DJ. (2003) Determination of ractopamine in cattle and sheep urine samples using an optical biosensor analysis comparative study with HPLC and ELISA. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 51, 3715 3721. 

Guilbault GG, Luong JHT (1995) Piezoelectroc immunosensors and their applications in food analysis. In Guilbault GG, Wagner G (eds) Food biosensor analysis. Dekker, New York... 

Flow injection analysis offers many attractive features to biosensor analysis. The reproducibility and the speed are two dominant characteristics when combining FIA with proper sampling and sample handling. It can be used for both enzyme-based assays and immunochemical binding assays. 

Biosensor analysis on diluted bile showed that the PAHs genotoxic effects were statistically different (Figure 9.9) according to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan s test, which was used to determine the significance of differences in mean values within each group. 

Sims, C. E., Luzzi, V., and AUbritton, N. L., Lxjcalized sampling, electrophoresis, and biosensor analysis of Xenopus laevis cytoplasm for subcellular biochemical assays. Methods Mol. Biol., 322, 413-424, 2006. 

Urea Another common metabolite that has attracted a great deal of interest is biosensor analysis of urea. Urease, which gives a linear range of at least 0.01-200 mmol 1 offers a clinically useful assay that is independent of the ammonium concentration in the sample, the same as with creatinine. Urease is very sensitive to inhibition by heavy metals. This fact has even been exploited in the design of a reversible procedure for heavy metal determination. Addition of 1 mmol 1 EDTA and 1 mmol 1 reduced glutathione to the buffer protects the urease leading to a very stable enzyme column. 

Figure 24.3 Sensorgrams derived from an SPR-biosensor analysis of biotin. Superimposed sensorgrams of biotin calibration standards (a) 1.23 ng/mL (b) 3.7ng/mL (c) 11.1 ng/mL (d) 33.3ng/mL (e) lOOng/mL. SPR-based biosensor assay utilizing a biotin spectfic antibody under inhibition conditions (1) baseline with buffer flow (2) sample injection (3) binding association phase (4) end of injection (5) stable binding response acquired (6) surface regeneration (7) baseline for subsequent cycle.

Granqvist, N., Harming, A., Eng, L Tuppurainen, J., and Viitala, T. (2013) Label-enhanced surface plasmon resonance a new concept for improved performance in optical biosensor analysis. Sensors (Basel), 13 (11), 15348-15363. 

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