Standards state of the art

The stability of electrocatalysts for PEMFCs is increasingly a key topic as commercial applications become nearer. The DoE has set challenging near-term durability targets for fuel cell technology (automotive 5,000 h by 2010 stationary 40,000 h by 2011) and has detailed the contribution of the (cathode) catalyst to these. In particular, for automotive systems as well as steady-state stability, activity after simulated drive cycles and start-stop transients has been considered. In practice, both these treatments have been found to lead to severe degradation of the standard state-of-the-art Pt/C catalyst, as detailed next. 

Gold Standards (State of the Art) for Both Batteries and Capacitors, 523... 

The standard state-of-the-art steady-state process simulation is based on stream flows, which do not change with time. Therefore, flash calculations with other variables like constant specific volume or entropy are not provided. For the design of vessels and safety valves, the so-called isochoric flash is important. It uses the specific volume as the second fixed variable and determines the pressure which... 

The risk management process must be documented, like a quality management system, and the manufacturer must establish acceptable risks for a device, based upon regulations, standards, state-of-the-art and other relevant factors. 

Collaborative Modeling-Data Environments should be funded on a multiyear basis should be organized to provide integrated, efficient, standardized, state-of-the-art software packages, commodity computing and interpretative schemes and should provide open-source approaches (where appropriate), while maintaining security and privacy assurance. 

After establishment of the standardized state-of-the-art gasifier models, the proposed enhanced concepts were incorporated into the flow sheets. All models were evaluated and the results can be foimd in Chapter 6. 

It is particularly in the serial inspection of castings, that radioscopy constitutes state-of-the-art when applied in conjunction with systems for image intensification, digital image processing and automatic image evaluation. For the examination of welds, however, standardization is still non-existent, thus rendering more difficult the application of this inspection technique.As a consequence the approval procedures of the respective supervisory or certification boards are often complicated and of necessity set up for each individual case. 

The state of the art in 1987 was published in Survey of standards, technical rules and regulations in the area of corrosion, corrosion testing and corrosion protection, together with the most important DIN standards and some other regulations in the DIN 219 [71]. A commentary on these standards has also appeared [72]. 

Snhseqnent chapters cover installation considerations (Chapter 6), inspection and maintenance practices (Chapter 7), regnlations, standards, and codes, inclnding certification test protocols (Chapter 8), and some illnstrative examples (Chapter 9). Chapter 10 provides a snmmary of the present state-of-the-art and what other information and research is needed, followed hy appendixes, a glossary, and snggested additional reading. 

Many researchers choose to buy expensive GPC/SEC columns from one of the major producers because that producer s columns had been used in the past or because of a successful marketing campaign by one particular producer. It should be noted that repacked columns can be obtained for a fraction of the cost of new columns. American Polymer Standards repacked columns are guaranteed to perform just as well as new columns from any company. When a column is repacked the only parts reused are the stainless-steel tube and end caps. This hardware is then repacked using new frits and new ST-DVB gel. Each column is individually tested in a quality control laboratory and shipped in the customer s choice of solvent. American Polymer Standards offers a column repacking service because it is a practical, inexpensive way for customers to acquire state of the art GPC/SEC columns. 

Since the adoption of the Act in 1992, state-of-the-art energy codes have been extended to cover an additional 39 percent of residential construction and 26 percent of commercial construction. Two-thirds of new U.S. residential construction (1 million homes annually) fall under federal, state, and local energy codes that meet or exceed the 1995 version of the Model Energy Code (MEC). An additional 975 million square feet of commercial construction falls under codes that meet or exceed ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989. Table 4 shows the status of state residential code adoption as of August 1999. 

By the early 1930s, thermal cracking had achieved a fairly high level of operation. Both the Dubbs (UOP) and Tube-and-Tank (Jersey Standard) Processes represented the state of the art in the field. Between the end of World War I, when the Burton Process was still revolutionary, and the early 1930s, octane ratings of gasoline increased 36 percent. This improvement resulted from the existence of more advanced thermal plants and the increasing use of additives, espe-... 

The most widely used molecular weight characterization method has been GPC, which separates compounds based on hydrodynamic volume. State-of-the-art GPC instruments are equipped with a concentration detector (e.g., differential refractometer, UV, and/or IR) in combination with viscosity or light scattering. A viscosity detector provides in-line solution viscosity data at each elution volume, which in combination with a concentration measurement can be converted to specific viscosity. Since the polymer concentration at each elution volume is quite dilute, the specific viscosity is considered a reasonable approximation for the dilute solution s intrinsic viscosity. The plot of log[r]]M versus elution volume (where [) ] is the intrinsic viscosity) provides a universal calibration curve from which absolute molecular weights of a variety of polymers can be obtained. Unfortunately, many reported analyses for phenolic oligomers and resins are simply based on polystyrene standards and only provide relative molecular weights instead of absolute numbers. 

The 138 submitted papers were selected in the following marmer. From a total of 521 submitted two-page abstracts, 156 were identified by peer review and evaluation of the Program Committee to be expanded into 10-page (maximum) camera-ready manuscripts. Submitted manuscripts were then peer-reviewed by at least two experts in the field according to standards comparable to those used for archival journals. Diversity in country origin was also considered, and an attempt was made to minimize multiple publications for individual research groups. Consequently, the 138 papers included herein should be considered as peer-reviewed publications that represent the worldwide state-of-the-art in catalysis research. 

The first asymmetric intramolecular Stetter reactions were reported by Enders and co-workers utilising triazolium salt pre-catalyst 125. Treatment of substrate 123 generated 1,4-dicarbonyl compound 124 in good yield and enantioselectivity [56]. These salicylaldehyde-derived substrates 123 have since become the standard test substrates for the development of new catalysts for the asymmetric intramolecular Stetter reaction. Bach and co-workers have achieved moderate enantioselectivities using axially-chiral thiazolium pre-catalyst 126 [41], whilst Miller and co-workers have developed peptidic thiazolium pre-catalyst 127 [57]. In 2005, Rovis and coworkers showed that the NHCs derived from triazolium salts 128-130 were excellent catalysts for the asymmetric intramolecular Stetter reaction of a wide range of substrates, giving typically excellent yields and enantioselectivities [58]. The iV-pentafluorophenyl catalyst 129 currently represents the state of the art in asymmetric Stetter reactions (Scheme 12.24) [59]. 

To provide a measure of the state of the art for a test. The standard deviation is a measure of the ability of different laboratories to obtain the same result. Where the true concentration is known the results show overall accuracy. 

Miller JN (2008) Long-wavelength and near-infrared fluorescence state of the art, future applications, and standards. Springer Ser Fluoresc 5 147-162... 

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