Technical rules

As a rule, technical plastics contain atactic, isotactic, and syndiotactic moieties. The ratio of these moieties to one another is decisive in terms of the plastic material properties. In polypropylene, for example, the atactic moiety is only 2-5 %. This means the degree of crystallization is potentially very high in polypropylene. The more regular the arrangement of the substituents, the greater the probability that crystalline structures can form. 

McCarthy, J. Feature geometry and dependency A review. Phonetica 43 (1988), 84-108. McIlroy, D. M. Synthetic English speech by rule. Technical report. Bell System Technical Journal (1973). 

The European Commission s goal of single-market access is virtually a reality for companies who follow the New Approach rules. Technical requirements (standards) and laws (essential requirements) exist for the most part to protect the public from interference (EMC) and dangerous occurrences (safety) caused by products. The CE marking is a symbol of the manufacturer s self-declaration to indicate conformity with the minimum requirements, allows products to be placed on the market, and ensures the free movement of goods. ... 

Prechelt, L. (1994) Probenl -A set of neural network henchmark problems and benchmarking rules. Technical Report 21/94, Universitat Karhhhe, Germany. 

But laboratories using NDT methods have a set of features. Specific requirements were needed to be specified for evaluation of their technical competence. These requirements were reflected in rules of interstate standardisation - UMT 15-96 Requirements to the competence of laboratories of non-destructive testing and technical diagnostics . 

Perhaps the most notable aspect of the history of the API operation is that it has been shaped at every step by those who use the system. Created by information speciaHsts within the petroleum iadustry, it has beea governed by a technical information committee made up of company representatives, and guided by a series of iadustry task forces, which have modified as aeeded the indexing thesaums, subject selectioa guideliaes, and selection rules for countries ia pateat coverage, journals, and other sources ia the aoapateatHterature. 

Anthraquinone can be sulfonated, nitrated, or halogenated. Sulfonation is of the greatest technical importance because the sulfonic acid group can be readily replaced by an amino or chloro group. Sulfonation with 20—25% oleum at a temperature of 130—135°C produces predominandy anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid [84-48-0]. By the use of a stronger oleum, disulfonic acids are produced. The second sulfonic acid substituent never enters the same ring a mixture of 2,6- and 2,7-disulfonic acids is formed (Wayne-Armstrong rule). In order to sulfonate in the 1-, 1,5-, or 1,8-positions, mercury or one of its salts must be used as a catalyst. 

The constants Cj and C9 are both obtained from Fig. 2-40 Ci, usually from the saturated liquid line and C2, at the higher pressure. Errors should be less than 1 percent for pure hydrocarbons except at reduced temperatures above 0.95 where errors of up to 10 percent may occur. The method can be used for defined mixtures substituting pseiidocritical properties for critical properties. For mixtures, the Technical Data Book—Fehvleum Refining gives a more complex and accurate mixing rule than merely using the pseiidocritical properties. The saturated low pressure value should be obtained from experiment or from prediction procedures discussed in this section for both pure and mixed liquids. 

For estimating the liquid viscosity of defined nonliydi ocai bon mixtui"es, a mixing rule shown hy Eq. (2-120) was recommended hy the Technical Data Manual. 

The state of the art in 1987 was published in Survey of standards, technical rules and regulations in the area of corrosion, corrosion testing and corrosion protection, together with the most important DIN standards and some other regulations in the DIN 219 [71]. A commentary on these standards has also appeared [72]. 

In Germany flame arresters are tested in accordance with the TRbE standard (Technical Rules for Inflammable Liquids) and approved by the German Eederal Physical-Technical Institute (PTB) and the German Eed-eral Institute for Material Research and Testing (BAM). However, this standard will be superseded by the new CEN standard. 

The area rule was one of the most important technical developments during the era of jet-propelled airplanes. Today, almost all transonic and supersonic aircraft incorporate some degree of area rule. For his work on the area rule, Whitcomb received the Collier Trophy, the highest award given in the field of aeronautics. 

The material in this section is divided into three parts. The first subsection deals with the general characteristics of chemical substances. The second subsection is concerned with the chemistry of petroleum it contains a brief review of the nature, composition, and chemical constituents of crude oil and natural gases. The final subsection touches upon selected topics in physical chemistry, including ideal gas behavior, the phase rule and its applications, physical properties of pure substances, ideal solution behavior in binary and multicomponent systems, standard heats of reaction, and combustion of fuels. Examples are provided to illustrate fundamental ideas and principles. Nevertheless, the reader is urged to refer to the recommended bibliography [47-52] or other standard textbooks to obtain a clearer understanding of the subject material. Topics not covered here owing to limitations of space may be readily found in appropriate technical literature. 

This Committee published its own technical rules, many of which were later incorporated into British Standards. It continues to make an active contribution to standards, guidance notes, legislation and international policy on inspection. Some independent inspection bodies have no connection with insurance but many do, and these companies have the advantage of feedback from an analysis of insurance claims. 

Often the authors set their own ground rules in a probably futile attempt to satisfy the inquisitiveness of those from another technical discipline in an expeditious manner, and yet not to incur the criticism of those highly knowledgeable in the subject area. The writers have followed this important but perilous course. 

This very simple rule has had. an almost incredible influence on the development of theoretical and experimental chemistry. In the previously obscure but technically very important department of the study of mixed metals, to quote a single example, it has proved invaluable. 

The traditional analyst depended on a few general rules of thumb for guidance while he coped with technical intricacies his modem counterpart has a multitude of easy-to-use high-precision instraments at his disposal and is... 

To avoid gas-liquid mass transfer Hmitation, which would have a negative influence on productivity, in correctly operated bioreactors there are turbulent flow conditions with more or less pronounced turbulence, for which the Reynolds stress formula (Eq. (2)) can be used. Whereas, as a rule there is fully developed turbulent flow in technical apparatuses (see condition (6) and explanations in Sect. 8), this is frequently not the case in laboratory fermenters. Equations (3) and (4) are then only valid to a limited extent. 

Members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Malaysia included, have yet to formulate common rules for dmg regulation. Nonetheless, efforts have been made towards harmonization in terms of voluntary standards. Through the ASEAN Technical Cooperation Project in Pharmaceuticals, a number of reference substances and guidelines have been developed (17). Furthermore, agreements made for the ASEAN Free Trade Area have harmonized and reduced import tariffs on a number of goods, including pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products. 

Rh(CO)2 [16]. Such a dicarbonyl should possess two vibration modes. However, only the symmetric mode is observable in the IR spectrum. The asymmetric mode is inaccessible to an IR experiment on a metal surface due to the so-called metal surface selection rule, which prohibits the observation of dipole excitation if the transition dipole moment is oriented parallel to the surface. It should be noted that the observed frequencies fit well to values observed for Rh(CO)2 on technical Rh/Al203 catalysts [35-40] ( 2100 cm ) and Rh(CO)2 on planar TiO2(110) surfaces [41] (2112 cm ). 

These batteries are used mainly for specialized technical equipment where power sources of small size but high power are needed. During early production years, cases of rather violent spontaneous explosion were observed, so that domestic uses were ruled out. The specihc energy can be as high as 1000 Wh/kg, which is the highest value among known types of electrochemical power sources. 

What is obviously needed is a generally accepted recipe for how atomic states should be dealt with in approximate density functional theory and, indeed, a few empirical rules have been established in the past. Most importantly, due to the many ways atomic energies can be obtained, one should always explicitly specify how the calculations were performed to ensure reproducibility. From a technical point of view (after considerable discussions in the past among physicists) there is now a general consensus that open-shell atomic calculations should employ spin polarized densities, i. e. densities where not necessarily... 

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