Standard methods, of measurement

Establish standard methods of measurement for source reduction... 

For these reasons, a standard method of measuring soil pH is chosen and all phenomena related to pH or involving pH are related to this standardized pH measurement. The most common method is to use a 1 1 ratio of soil to water, typically 10 mL of distilled water and 10 g of soil. In this method, the soil and water are mixed and allowed to stand 10 minutes and the pH determined using a pH meter. 

Electric Effects. The science of electrocapillarity exists for over 100 years. When a liquid surface is electrically charged, its tension changes, and these changes can be followed quantitatively with the standard methods of measuring 7. It is tempting to apply the notions of electrocapillarity to solid surfaces, and a recent book162) is a particularly rich example. 

Look up a standard method of measurement (e.g., the determination of iron in an ore, found in most quantitative analysis textbooks). Are factor tolerances specified What might be the economic consequences of insufficiently controlling a factor that has narrow tolerances What might be the economic consequences of controlling too closely a factor that actually has wide tolerances ... 

The standard method of measuring flows in a process plant is by use of the orifice plate and orifice flanges, shown in Fig. 6.7. Actually, we rarely measure flows directly. More commonly, we measure the pressure drop across an orifice plate. This pressure drop is due to the increase in kinetic energy of a fluid as it accelerates through the small hole in the orifice plate. The energy to provide the increased velocity comes from the pressure of the flowing fluid, in accordance with the following ... 

Another recent trend in molecular weight work that was discussed at the ACS Symposium but is not covered formally in the book is the work of the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM is in the process of preparing and testing standard methods of measuring molecular weight. Those who are interested or have suggestions to make may write to ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103. The committee numbers are D20.70.04 and. 05. 

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST. The standard method of measuring the hardness of metals. The smooth surface of the metal is dented by a steel hall under force. The standard load and time are 500 kg for 60 seconds for soft metals and 3000 kg for 30 seconds for steel and other hard metals. The size (diameter) of the resulting dent is measured, and the hardness determined from a chart or formula. 

Deficiencies of folic acid and vitamin B1 are relatively common. Whenever macrocytic anemia is present, evaluation of these two vitamins is necessary 10 determine the cause of the condition, The standard method of measuring folic acid has been the microbiological assay (Bailey et al.. 19821. which can be used to measure folic acid in serum, blood, tissues, and foods. Improved high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods have... 

Cuthbert, I. D., and P. A. del Giorgio. 1992. Toward a standard method of measuring color in freshwater. Limnology and Oceanography 37 1319-1326. 

Similarly, if a quantity such as the volume exhibits an abrupt change in slope, which occurs at the T, then there is a discontinuity in quantities associated with first derivatives of this parameter, or second derivatives of the free energy (with respect to appropriate thermodynamic variables), such as the specific heat (Figure 10-19). Accordingly, the Tg may be related to a second-order phase transition, but this remains in dispute. The experimentally observed transition is clearly governed by kinetics and the standard method of measuring this transition is by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which measures the specific heat. 

In view of the fluctuation in the proportion of PRL variants with different molecular masses and immunoreactiv-ities, PRL procedures should be calibrated against reference materials with imown international unit potency, such as the WHO first IRP 75/504, the second international standard (IS) 83/562, or the third IS 84/500 (http //www.iiibsc.ac.uk). Without such calibration, PRL results expressed in mass units cannot be compared from assay to assay. Despite the heterogeneity of PRL, immunoassays correlate well with bioassays and remain the standard method of measurement in routine practice. 

The hydrogen electrode is the standard method of measuring pH. How is the voltage measured by the electrode related to the pH What is the Nernst factor ... 

Physical adsorption of N2 gas on surfaces at 77 Kelvin is used as a standard method of measuring surface areas the data for N2 adsorption in the partial pressure range of P/Po = 0.05 to 0.3 are fitted to equation 10.26. The value of v is then calculated, and the specific surface area of the adsorbent is determined from equation 10.24. It has been estimated that d, the adsorption site area, is 16.2 for N2. 

Standard methods of measurement of physical properties of powders in relation to bulk handling and processing have been adopted for specific materials and have sometimes been incorporated into a BS or other Standard. However, general standardised methods have yet to be established and the BMHB believes that much wider applications could be made of proven techniques which, while being well established in specific industries, have yet to be generally exploited. The aim of this Guide is to review, detail and recommend preferred test methods, to outline their significance and to identify test methods on powder characteristics which require further research, development or evaluation. The accent is on simple and inexpensive techniques. 

The majority of studies have been based on the measurement of the clotting time or coagulation time. However, there are many standard methods of measuring this and since they measure separate and significant parameters, it is essential to identify the type of determination used. 

Suprathreshold odor intensity data from Dravnieks (7) equating odor intensity equivalent to 87 ppm (vol./vol.) of n-butanol was used since it eliminated errors between laboratories which occur for threshold measurements and the n-butanol reference scale has been approved by the ASTM (24) as a standard method of measuring odor intensity. 

The air flow permeability of cellular materials can be correlated with cell structure. A standard method of measuring air flow of flexible materials is given in ISO 4638 [88], based on detecting the pressure drop across a test piece through which air is passed under controlled conditions.. A relatively. simple quality control method is given in ISO 7231 [89], where the flow rate is measured at constant pressure drop. 

Surprisingly, there are no standard methods of measuring fiber or yarn friction published by the ISO, and the methods that are available are ASTM D 4120-93 ASTM D 2612- 93a ASTM D 3412-95, and ASTM D 3108-95. 

Chargeability may be expressed either in terms of the charge generated on individual articles or in terms of charge per unit mass, area, or volume. Four standard methods of measurement are described ... 

It is clear from these equations that a standard method of measuring light is needed for any quantitative assessment of a photochemical process. For this purpose, the intensity of light falling on a sample must be precisely defined in photons per second, so that it can be related to the quantum yield. This is done by using a reference sample, commonly termed the actinometer, of known quantum yield. The method itself is known as chemical actinometry (see Borrell, 1973, for details). 

Another standard method of measuring polymer orientation is infrared dichroism, which refers to the ratio of the IR absorption for light having... 

When sound waves come in contact with a boundary obstacle, such as a wall or door, a portion of the sound wave energy is reflected, a portion is transmitted through the obstacle, and the rest is absorbed by the obstacle. One of the standard methods of measuring the effective sound absorption coefficient of an acoustical material is by finding its effect on the reverberation time, or decay rate, of the sound pressure level in the sound chamber. The total sound absorption in the receiving room is required to determine the noise reduction of the specimen being tested. The key here is to rule out the absorption of sound waves within the chamber that may be attributed to the door being tested. 

In the following section we present a number of standard methods of measuring a system impedance or a frequency domain transfer function. In applying any of the methods described, the perturbation must be of a sufficiently small magnitude that the response is linear. Although the condition of linearity may be decided from theoretical considerations (Bertocci [1979], McKubre [1981], McKubre [1983], McKubre and Syrett [1986]), the most practical method is to inaease the input signal to the maximum value at which the response is independent of the excitation function amplimde. 

Table 7. Properties, Units and Standard Methods of Measurement...

The bottom-line method of evalrration for the success of OHS initiatives within the organizational structure, has traditionally been to use the standard methods of measuring injury rates given in standards such as Australian Standard 1885 or regulations such as... 

CESMM3 Price Database. 2010. Available from Thomas Telford. A database based on ICE Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement, with a carbon calculator (from 2010) developed by Franklin and Andrews. 

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