Standard measures

Product characterization aims at defining their end-use properties by means of conventional standard measurements related as well as possible — and in any case, being the object of a large consensus— to end-use properties. We cite for example that octane numbers are supposed to represent the resistance of gasoline to knocking in ignition engines. 

Many of the most relevant projects under Brite-EuRam, plus some from "Standards, Measurements and Testing" (SMT), Esprit IlM, and the "Nuclear Fission Programme", have now been grouped in the network, with the participating projects clustered under the following main topics, under which a number of specific cluster activities have been defined ... 

Section BT1.2 provides a brief summary of experimental methods and instmmentation, including definitions of some of the standard measured spectroscopic quantities. Section BT1.3 reviews some of the theory of spectroscopic transitions, especially the relationships between transition moments calculated from wavefiinctions and integrated absorption intensities or radiative rate constants. Because units can be so confusing, numerical factors with their units are included in some of the equations to make them easier to use. Vibrational effects, die Franck-Condon principle and selection mles are also discussed briefly. In the final section, BT1.4. a few applications are mentioned to particular aspects of electronic spectroscopy. 

If an option proves to be technically ineffective or inappropriate, it is deleted from the list of potential alternatives. Either follo ving or concurrent with the technical evaluation, an economic study is performed, weighing standard measures of profitability such as payback period, investment returns, and net present value. Many of these costs (or, more appropriately, cost saving may be substantial yet are difficult to quantify. (Refer to Economic Considerations Associated with Pollution Prevention.)... 

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for protection of human health and welfare. These standards are defined in terms of concentration and hme span for a specific pollutant for example, the NAAQS for carbon monoxide is 9 ppmV for 8 hr, not to be exceeded more than once per year. For a state or local government to establish compliance with a National Ambient Air Quality Standard, measurements of the actual air quality must be made. To obtain these measurements, state and local governments have established stationary monitoring networks with instrumentation complying with federal specifications, as discussed in Chapter 14. The results of these measurements determine whether a given location is violating the air quality standard. 

In the production of particleboards, mixtures of particles are often used as raw material. The particles differ in size and shape. A particle size distribution can be done by screening, and two of the three dimensions of the particle must be smaller than the standard measure of the screen to be passed. An exact screening of the particles to their size is only possible for rather similar shapes. Particles, however, can widely differ in shape. For a simplifying description, the shape is assumed as a flat square of length I, width b and thickness d for medium and coarse particles and cubic for the fines. The mechanical screens are graded in... 

LD5f (median lethal dose) A standard measure of toxicity indicating the dose of a substance that will kill 50% of a group of test organisms. 

Define the inspection aids and test equipment to be used. There may be jigs, fixtures, gages, and other aids needed for inspection. Standard measuring equipment would not need to be specified as your inspectors and testers should be trained to select the right tools for the job. Any special test equipment should be identified. 

Eich-gas, n. standard gas. gerat, n. calibrating apparatus, -holz, n. oak wood, oak. -knrve, /. calibration curve, -mass, n. gage, standard (measure), -meister, m. gager, adjuster, -nagel, m. gage mark, -punkt, m. reference point, -schein, m. certificate (that an instrument has been standardized). 

Probe-kolbea, m. test flask sample flask, -kom, n. assay button, -korper, m. teat body, test specimen sample. -Idffel, m. assay spoon, -machen. n. testing, assay mg. -mass, n. standard measure. 

The microfiber glass separators have to fill the space between the electrodes completely the backweb thickness, is thus identical to the total thickness. Due to the high compressibility of such porous glass mats, a standard measuring pressure of 2 kPa or 10 kPa (BCI method) is generally used during assembly they are compressed... 

Small variations in isotopic composition are usually described by comparing the ratio of isotopes in the sample material to the ratio of isotopes in a reference material. The standard measure of isotopic composition is X defined in parts per thousand (per mil or %o) by... 

Quantitation in high performance liquid chromatography, as with other analytical techniques, involves the comparison of the intensity of response from an analyte ( peak height or area) in the sample under investigation with the intensity of response from known amounts of the analyte in standards measured under identical experimental conditions. 

The yield of a gas-solid heterogeneous reaction depends not on the total time that molecules spend in the reactor but on the time that they spend on the catalyst surface. The contact time distribution provides a standardized measure of times spent in the absorbed state. A functional definition is provided by the following equation applicable to a first-order, heterogeneous reaction in an isothermal reactor ... 

The dissociation rate of COads will increase with increasing exothermicity of the reaction energy. One can use the adsorption energy of the carbon atom as the standard measure. 

Length, area, and volume measure the size of an object. Length refers to one dimension, area refers to two dimensions, and volume refers to three dimensions of space. Size measurements require standard measuring devices, such as rulers or measuring cups. Figure 1-14 shows some standard laboratory equipment for measuring volume. 

The flow behaviour of a material is described by the relationship between the force acting on the sample of a material, and the effect of this force. The effect may be elastic deformation or viscous flow. For technological and historical reasons, the standard measuring technique has been to force the sample to undergo a predetermined shear rate and measure the force required. 

Calibration Slope and intercept of the calibration line at time t [1 c] where c is the concentration of the calibration standard measured at time t time constant of the the variations of slope and intercept... 

Boenke a (1997) Activities and current research from the EC Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme (SMT) in the area of food contact materials. Food AdditContamin 14 561-569. 

European Commission (1994) Guidelines for the Production and Certification of BCR Reference Materials. Doc BCR/48/93. Standards, Measurement and Testing Program, Brussels. 

Quevauviller Ph (1997a) The EC Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme in support of the quality of products and processes. Proc Contr Qual 9 1-6. 

The Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme of the European Commission launched a few years ago a project dealing with the development and, ultimately, the production of air filters realistically exposed to welding dust occurring during stainless steel welding (Christensen et al. 1999). This project resulted in the production and certification of a batch of 1100 filters for the Cr (VI) content (40.16 0.60 pg/g dust) (CRM 545). In addition, the total leachable Cr content ( 39.37 1.30 pg/g dust) was certified as a means to check for total Cr recovery. 

During the 1940s, more than 15 years before the structure of (67) was elucidated as the major psychoactive constituent of marijuana [90] and 40 years before the identification of specific cannabinoid receptors, Adams and co-workers [91, 92] demonstrated that a T,2 -dimethylheptyl (T,2 -DMH) side chain was the optimal 3-alkyl substituent for carmabinoid activity in vivo in the A ° -THC series. In this early research, the ataxia test in dogs was used as a standard measure of psychoactive cannabinoid activity. The isomeric l, l -DMH side chain was found to be less potent than the l, 2 -DMH one in the series, but the two side chains have similar... 

Viscometric flow theories describe how to extract material properties from macroscopic measurements, which are integrated quantities such as the torque or volume flow rate. For example, in pipe flow, the standard measurements are the volume flow rate and the pressure drop. The fundamental difference with spatially resolved measurements is that the local characteristics of the flows are exploited. Here we focus on one such example, steady, pressure driven flow through a tube of circular cross section. The standard assumptions are made, namely, that the flow is uni-directional and axisymmetric, with the axial component of velocity depending on the radius only. The conservation of mass is satisfied exactly and the z component of the conservation of linear momentum reduces to... 

Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme, EU (formerly BCR) Standard Operating Procedure Society of Plastic Engineers (Brookfield, CT)... 

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