2. Topographic features

The powerful influence of mechanical factors on these phenomena produces distinctive physical features on affected metal surfaces, as well as determining the locations where the damage occurs. Hence, metal wastage influenced by mechanical factors can be sensitive to geometric shapes and topographical features (surface contours). It is, in this sense, location specific. 

It is noted that backing the Knoxville frequencies by 60 would result in the maxima occurring together. This is tabulated in the fifth column of Table 21-6. The difference between Nashville and this artificial frequency is then obtained (the sixth column). The sum of the absolute values of the differences expressed as a percentage of the total is 30.2 the differences have been reduced by more than half. This does not prove that the frequencies are similar except that the winds at Knoxville are channeled by the major topographical features in the vicinity, but it does imply that this is an explanation. 

Other artifacts that have been mentioned arise from the sensitivity of STM to local electronic structure, and the sensitivity of SFM to the rigidity of the sample s surface. Regions of variable conductivity will be convolved with topographic features in STM, and soft surfaces can deform under the pressure of the SFM tip. The latter can be addressed by operating SFM in the attractive mode, at some sacrifice in the lateral resolution. A limitation of both techniques is their inability to distinguish among atomic species, except in a limited number of circumstances with STM microscopy. 

Heights determined by these methods should be regarded as a guide rather than as a mathematically precise decision. The conclusions may need to be modified in the light of particular local circumstances such as valleys, hills and other topographical features. 

The amount of material deposited and the effective temperature of the substrate during deposition were systematically varied, while deposition rale was held constant. A set of about 50 samples has been generated. Tfl films are stable over time, due to the large energy barriers for surface relaxation and reoiganization, and the topographical features remain unaltered over a time span of several months. 

Horizontal motion over topographic features at the Earth s surface. A classic example of this is seen in the cap clouds associated with flow over mountains. 

Special topographic features of the surfaces of small crystallites. The smaller the size of a crystallite, the larger will be the relative fraction of special ... 

Compiling a site map, showing topographic features, prevailing wind direction, drainage, and the location of buildings, containers, impoundments, pits, ponds, and tanks... 

Developments in electron microscopy also promise to revolutionize other studies of the surfaces of solids in general and/of catalysts in particular. Previously, monatomic steps and other topographical features at the exterior surfaces of solids were best investigated by the powerful but cumbersome, and destructive technique of gold-decoration - see refs 69 and 70 for studies of alkali halide and layered sulphides, respectively. 

The GR15 and T42 topography originate from the ET0P05 [NOAA (1988)] data set interpolated onto the model grid. Hereby, specific topographic features, such as the important conduits of overflows and throughflows, were adjusted to observed depths [Marsland et al (2003)]. 

Millions of soil samples per year are analyzed for nonpoint source analytes such as potassium, phosphorous, insecticides, and herbicides. It is necessary to obtain an idea of the level of these components throughout the field and to take corrective action as necessary. Thus, a more random sampling methodology is called for. Figure 7.2 shows a field that includes both different soil types (letters) and topographical features (e.g., a ditch) that are to be sampled. Also, a transect line and locations of sample sites along it are indicated. Transect lines and sampling sites are discussed later. 

Figure 7.2. A field surface with transect, a gridded section (grid in lower left) and different topographic features. If the whole field were to be sampled, the whole field would be gridded. FgB, SnA, and XeB are standard abbreviations for different types of soil. 

Figure 2. SEM photograph of 0.4-/

A shadow-mask technique has been applied for the local metal deposition to exclude metal residues on other designs processed on the same wafer (Fig. 4.2b). Such metal residues may be caused by imperfections in the patterned resist due to topographical features on the processed CMOS wafers or dust particles. The metal film is only deposited in those areas on the wafer, where it is needed for electrode coverage on the microhotplates. This also renders the lift-off process easier since no closed metal film is formed on the wafer, so that the acetone has a large surface to attack the photoresist. Another advantage of the local metal lift-off process is its full compatibility with the fabrication sequence of chemical sensors based on other transducer principles [20]. 

Ponding The slumping of abyssal sediments into depressions. This process tends to smooth out irregular topographic features on the seafloor of the deep ocean. 

FIGURE 12 1 Major topographic features of the Los Angeles basin with inland valleys and mountains. Station locations A, Highland B, City Creek C, Mud Flat D, Rim Forest. Aircraft flight paths for the study area are also shown. Reprinted with permission from Edinger et al. 

Figure 4. (a) Reflections from the substrate and topographic features,... 

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