Exhaust rate

An automobile traveling 50 km per hour emits 0.1% CO from the exhaust. If the exhaust rate is 80 m- per minute, what is the CO emission in grams per kilometer ... 

The total releases to air from the facility must be entered m Part III, Section 5 of Form R in pounds per year. The stack test results provide the concentration of metallic lead in each exhaust stream in grains per cubic toot and the exhaust rate in cubic feet per minute. Using the appropriate conversion factors, knowing the scrubber efficiency (from the manufacturer s data), and assuming yourfacility operates 24 hours per day, 300 days per year, you can calculate the total lead releases from the stack test data. Because point (stack) releases of lead are 2,400 pounds per year,-which is greater than the 999 pounds per year ranges in column A. 1, you must enter the actual calculated amount in column A.2 of Section 5.2. 

Hoods are either enclosing or nonenclosing. Enclosing hoods provide better and more economical contaminant control because their exhaust rates and the effects of room air currents are minimal compared with nonenclosing hoods. For more detail regarding nonenclosing hoods, see Chapter 10. 

An exhaust hood requires an adequate supply airflow rate (direct supply or indirect from another room and transported through a transfer opening) inside the room where the exhaust is situated. This means that the supply airflow rate should be approximately equal to the exhaust rate and that the supply devices should be placed in such a way that the incoming air does not... 

The study found that the slot-type inlet at the bottom of the cabinet door resulted in higher pressure losses (lower CJ than the diffuser or perforated plate inlet. The exhaust configuration had little effect on Q or tracer gas clearance time. The study also concluded that an exhaust rate 0.118 m s for a two-cylinder cabinet was sufficient as little improvement was seen with an increase to 0.165 m s F" The slotted inlet took longer to clear a leak than either the perforated plate or diffuser inlet. Measured coefficients of entry for a two-cylinder gas storage cabinet are shown in Table 10.9. 

To determine the air exhaust rate from the enclosure the following steps are recommended. 

As with any hood system, design methods are used to obtain required exhaust rates and hood dimensions.The main mechanisms of dust generation are air induction, material splash, air displacement, and air entrainment. 

Of these dust-producing mechanisms, air induction and air displacement are important for determining the exhaust rate for enclosures. Air entrainment and material splash are important for determining the size and shape of the enclosure. 

The exhaust rate for an enclosure controlling emissions from a falling materials operation should equal the sum of the following quantities ... 

In the set of conservation equations described earlier, the Reynolds number and the Froude number must be the same for the model and the prototype. Since most industrial operations involve turbulent flow for which the Reynolds number dependence is insignificant, part of the dynamic similarity criteria can be achieved simply by ensuring that the flow in the model is also turbulent. For processes involving hot gases (i.e., buoyancy driving forces), the Froude number similarit) yields the required prototype exhaust rate as follows. 

Exhaust rate The controlled quantity of air, gases, vapors, and particulate matter that is removed from a space or process. 

Figure 10.13 Exhaustion rates of Cl Disperse Violet 1 on untreated wool in dyeing using liposomes at different lipid concentrations and constant dye concentration [58]...

Minimum Duct Velocity. Once the types and locations of hoods, enclosures and booths have been established and the exhaust rates determined, it is necessary to design the ductwork to transfer the contaminated gas to the collection or cleaning device. An essential parameter required for this purpose is the minimum duct or conveying velocity, Vfmm, which is required to ... 

Ideally the air will be introduced under controlled conditions of pressure and flow to provide for maximum dilution benefits. Because it is difficult, if not impossible, to measure or calculate the exhaust rate through doors, windows, leaks, and so on, it is desirable to allow for 10 percent more air to be supplied than the assumed exhaust. 

The affinity of the dyes for polyacrylonitrile and accordingly their exhaustion rate is increased by introducing aromatic groups. C.I. Basic Red 46, 110825 [12221-69-1] is of particular industrial importance. 

AyV-Dibenzylaniline and iV-methyldiphenylamine, as well as the arylcarboxy-lates and aryl carbonates of iV-(hydroxyethyl)aniline, are also used to increase the exhaustion rate. Arylalkyl groups in the 1-position of the triazole ring likewise increase the exhaustion rate [87],... 

To increase the stability and exhaustion rates until they are equal to conventional developers, an appropriate buffer must be used. In Monobath 1, potassium alum has been added. The alum also helps prevent excessive swelling of the gelatin, which could otherwise result in reticulation at higher processing temperatures. 

By periodically testing the fixer, ideally before each fixing session, the exhaustion rate of the fixer can be determined. When the initial clearing time has doubled it is time to mix a fresh fixing bath. If you find it too difficult to remember to test the fixer before each session then check when the fixer is about half way through its estimated useful life and more frequently as it nears its published capacity. 

Damper controls which maintain a constant exhaust rate from the enclosure to ensure a slight vacuum within the enclosure. 

In practice, the ratios and flow rates through the chambers are chosen according to sampling needs, and the exhaust rate is determined by solving the equation for Qe. This expression is somewhat more complicated for more than a two-stage dilution, but can easily be set up and worked out. The system in use for the... 

V q p = exhaust at 70 F reference, i.e., 11,350 ft3/ minute Since air expands when heated, an adjustment is required to insure for correct quantities of 70 F air entering the oven. This correction factor (adjusted exhaust rate on actual fan capacity at oven temperature) can be found for the following relationship ... 

The exhaust rate required to provide a safe and dry oven atmosphere can then be determined for each component of the coating. If, as in the first case, one utilizes a figure of 166 cfm per gallon of solvent/hr removed, the 13.7 gallons of solvent per hour requires 2271 of cfm of 70 F air. 

Estimates of the Heat Input for the Operation of the Afterburner for the Conventional Solvent Paint. Based upon the calculated exhaust rate of 11,350 cfm of 70 F air, one can estimate the required hourly heat input Q from the relation Q =... 

Estimate of the Heat Input for the Exhaust Air for Water Base Paint With No Solvent. The air exhaust rate required to provide a dry oven atmosphere is determined by the amount of water released into the oven. Using a figure of 10 cfm of air per pound of water per hour, the 570 pounds of water per hour will require approximately 5700 cfm of air at 70 F. 

Generally optical brightening agents have high rate of exhaustion on the substrate and therefore great care is to be taken to avoid unlevel application. Slow exhaustion rate and increased migration time is necessary to produce level whiteness on the fabric. 

---