Effect of liquids

Although a number of studies were made and approximate methods developed for predicting the effect of liquid holdup in the period of the 1950s and 1960s, as summarized in the 6th edition of Peny .s Chemical Engineers Handbook, the complexity of the effect of liqmd holdup is such that it is now best to use computer-based batch-distillation algorithms to determine the effect of holdup on a case-bycase basis. 

The coefficients are usually corrected to a hydroxide conversion of 25 percent at 24°C. For other conversions. Fig. 14-15 may be used. Reported values of Kog< for representative random packings are given in Table 14-8. The effect of liquid rate on the coefficient is shown in Figs. 14-70 and 14-71. 

Jones, A.G., Hostomsky, J. and Zhou Li, 1992a. On the effect of liquid mixing rate on primary crystal size during the gas-liquid precipitation of calcium carbonate. Chemical Engineering Science, 47, 3817-3824. 

EFFECT OF LIQUID PHASE ON SUPERPLASTICITY AT HIGH STRAIN RATES IN METALS AND THEIR COMPOSITES... 

K. Higashi, T.G. Nieh, M. Mabuchi, and J. Wadsworth, "Effect of Liquid Phases on the Tensile Elongation of Superplastic Aluminum Alloys and Composites," Scr. Metall. Mater., 32 1079(1995). 

Figure 8-31. Typical effect of liquid mixing on tray efficiency. Reprinted by permission, Sakato, M., The American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Chem. Eng. Prog. V. 62., No. 11 (1966), p. 98, all rights reserved reprinted by permission from Lewis, W. K., Jr., Ind. Eng. Chem. V. 28. (1936), p. 399, and by special permission from Fractionation Research, Inc., all rights reserved.

Figure 8-101. Qualitative effect of liquid and vapor loads on bubble cap tray performance. Used by permission, Bolles, W. L., Pet. Processing, Feb. thm May (1956).

Figure 9-10. Effect of liquid maldistribution on efficiency FRI data for 25-mm Pall rings in cyciohexane/n-heptane distillation with two different quality distributors. Used by permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Chemical Engineering Progress, Perry, D. and Nutter, ., Jan. (1990) p. 30, and by special permission of Fractionation Research, Inc., all rights reserved.

Figure 9-17 plots flood capacity versus flow parameter. The FP values of 0.4-0.7 are estimated by Kister, el al. [136] in absence of data. The plots show that for low and moderate pressures the flood capacity factor versus FP correlates the effects of liquid rate and pressure on the optimized tray capacity [136]. At higher pressures an additional effect of pressure on capacity shows a decline of optimized tray capacity. 

The study of liquids is divided into two main parts liquids at rest, hydrostatics and liquids in motion, hydraulics. The effect of liquids at rest can often be expressed by simple formulas. The effects of liquids in motion are more difficult to express due to frictional and other factors whose actions cannot be expressed by simple mathematics. 

Table 5.15 Relative signal responses from various injection volumes for the LC-MS-MS analysis of a wheat forage matrix sample. Reprinted from J. Chromatogr., A, 907, Choi, B. K., Hercules, D. M. and Gusev, A. L, Effect of liquid chromatography separation of complex matrices on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry signal suppression , 337-342, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier Science...

Effect of liquid composition on cement properties The properties of dental silicate cements are affected both by the concentration of phosphoric acid and by the presence of metal salts. 

Figure 6.14 Effect of liquid composition on the setting time and strength of dental silicate cements (Wilson et al, 1970a).

Bett JAS, Kinoshita K, Stonehart P. 1976. Crystallite growth of platinum dispersed on graphi-tized carbon black n. Effect of liquid environment. J Catal 41 124-133. 

Liu, P., Yuen, Y., Hsiao, H. M., Jaykus, L. A., and Moe, C. (2010). Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76,394-399. 

Whereas in CF4 we can ignore the surface relaxation term, this term is significant for c-C4F8 at 291 K, with the relative weighting becoming increasingly important as we add additional molecular layers, as shown below. This is equivalent to Eq. (3.5.6), with the bulk fluid term set to the spin-rotation relaxation of the bulk gas. It is clear that in such a system, in comparison with CF4 at 294 K, the effect of liquid phase surface relaxation cannot be ignored. 

Table 8-13 Effect of Liquid Viscosity on Packing Efficiency30 ...

Figure 2.38 Effect of liquid subcooling on peak heat flux, for heaters of various sizes in isopropanol. (From Elkssabgi and Lienhard, 1988. Copyright 1988 by American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York. Reprinted with permission.)... 

Yasui K (2001) Effect of liquid temperature on sonoluminescence. Phys Rev E 64 016310... 

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