Spore-forming anaerobes

C. difficile is a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobe. The organism is ingested either as the vegetative form or spores, which can survive for long periods in the environment and... 

In addition, the antibiotics and other bacteriocins were originally detected in lactic acid bacteria, but were later also found in other Gram-positive microorganisms [28]. Lactic acid bacteria are a group of non-spore-forming, anaerobic fermentative bacteria within the Gram-positives with low GC content. 

C. difficile is a gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic bacillus and causes a toxin-mediated disease. Once antibiotics disrupt normal... 

Botulism toxin, a bacterial protein, is reputed as the most known toxic molecule. It is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive spore-forming anaerobe germ that dwells in the soil. There are 7 different antigenic types of this toxin A through G. Disease in humans is caused by types A, B, E, or F. Aerosol exposure studies in rhesus monkeys indicate that type F is the most toxic and that it is 60x more toxic than type B, the least toxic. Extrapolations from primate studies predict that the fatal dose of Botulinum toxin in humans is on the order of ... 

There should not be more than 1 sulphite-reducing, spore-forming anaerobe in 20 ml of drinking water. They must not be detectable at all in 30 ml of mineral water. 

Detection of sulphite-reducing, spore-forming anaerobes Liquid enrichment... 

Growing and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and sulphite-reducing, spore-forming anaerobes (Clostridia) should only be carried out by persons with appropriate training. 

The bacteria number 10 -10 ° per millilitre of rumen contents. Over 200 species have been identified, and for descriptions of them the reader is referred to the works listed at the end of this chapter. Most of these bacteria are non-spore-forming anaerobes. Table 8.3 lists a number of the more important species and indicates the substrate they utilise and the products of the fermentation. This information is based on studies of isolated species in vitro and is not completely applicable in vivo. For example, it appears from Table 8.3 that succinic acid is an important end product, but in practice this is converted into propionic acid by other bacteria such as Selenomonas ruminantium (see Fig. 8.6) such interactions between microorganisms are an important feature of rumen fermentation. A further point is that the activities of a given species of bacteria may vary from one strain of that species to another. The total... 

Characteristics Gram-positive, spore forming, anaerobe ... 

Tetanus is a disease caused by the release of neurotoxins from the anaerobic, spore-forming rod Clostridium tetani. The clostridial protein, tetanus toxin, possesses a protease activity which selectively degrades the pre-synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, resulting in a block of glycine and y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release from presynaptic terminals. Consistent with the loss of neurogenic motor inhibition, symptoms of tetanus include muscular rigidity and hyperreflexia. The clinical course is characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms, which first affect the masseter muscle and the muscles of the throat, neck and shoulders. Death occurs by respiratory failure or heart failure. 

Beuscher HU, JR Andressen (1984) Eubacterium angustum sp. nov., a Gram-positive anaerobic, non-spore-forming, obligate purine fermenting organism. Arch Microbiol 140 2-8. 

It is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that produces neurotoxins (see C16-A005), especially in low-acid foods. The natural reservoir is soil. It is also found in honey. This is a biosafety level 2 agent. 

Botulism is a potent neurotoxin produced from Clostridium botulinum that is an anaerobic, spore-forming bacterium. There are three different types ofbotulism Foodborne botulism occurs when a person ingests a pre-formed toxin that leads to illness within a few hours or days. Foodborne botulism is a public health emergency because the contaminated food may still be available. Infant botulism occurs in a small number of susceptible infants each year who harbor C. botulinum in their intestinal tract. Wound botulism occurs when wounds are infected with C. botulinum that secretes the toxin. Approximately 100 cases of the three types of botulism are reported within the United States each year about 5 percent are wound botulism, 25 percent are foodborne botulism, and a full 70 percent are infant botulism. Death can result from respiratory failure, but those who survive may have fatigue and shortness of breath for years. 

Toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, an encapsulated, anaerobe, grampositive, spore-forming, rod-shaped (bacillus) bacterium... 

Tetanus. An acute, often fatal, infectious disease caused by anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus Clostridium tetani. The clinical manifestations are the result of tetanospas-min, a potent neurotoxin elaborated by the germinating spores. 

Clostridium species are anaerobic, spore-forming microbes. The formic, acetic, propionic, and butyric acids produced as a result of their metabolic activity can enhance the corrosion of steel. 

It is a nitroimidazole. It has a broad spectrum of protozoal and antimicrobial activity. It shows antibacterial action against all anaerobic cocci, anaerobic gram negative bacilli including bacteroides species and anaerobic spore forming gram positive bacilli. It is very effective in infections due to Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomoniasis. It also causes radio-sensitization. 

Adsorbed Tetanus Toxoid. Tetanus is a disease that is also known as lockjaw. The causative organism is the anaerobic spore-forming bacterium Clustridium tetani. The organism in the toxoid, adsorbed tetanus toxoid (T. adsorbed). is designated inactivated. The antigen form is toxoid. and the antigen type is protein. This toxoid lasts approximately 10 years. A booster is recommended if injured or every 5 years. Reactions other than pain at the site of injection are rare. Fluid tetanus toxoid is recommended only for the rare individual who is hypersensitive lo the aluminum adjuvant. 

Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, obligate anaerobic spore-forming rod. It is widely distributed in the environment and frequently occurs in low numbers in the intestines of humans and domestic animals. Spores of the organism persist in soil, sediments, and areas subject to human or animal fecal pollution. Any raw food may contain spores or the bacteria. 

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