Sperm, DNA damage

Chromosomal aberrations Gene mutation Dominant lethal mutation Micronucleus formation Micronucleus formation Micronucleus formation Chromosomal aberrations Sister chromatid exchange Micronucleus formation Chromosomal aberrations Sister chromatid exchange DNA-protein cross-links Nondisjunction of Y chromosome in sperm DNA damage (single-strand breaks)... 

Studies on health effects of PAEs in humans have remained controversial due to limitations of the study design. Some findings in human populations are consistent with animal data, suggesting that PAEs and their metabolites produce toxic effects in the reproductive system. Some studies associate monoesters PAEs with semen parameters, sperm DNA damage, and hormones in human population, but none of them are statistically significant. Urinary monomethyl phthalate (MMP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono- -butyl phthalate (MBP), MEHP, and monoethyl phthalate (MEP) were associated with poor sperm morphology and vigor, and with low sperm concentration, motility, and linearity [31-35]. However, it is not yet possible to conclude whether phthalate exposure is harmful for human reproduction. 

Sperm parameters abnormal sperm morphology Mating usually imaffected Fertility depending on magnitude and type of effect either imaffected, fecundity (number of offspring sired) reduced or males infertile may increase post-implantation loss if sperm DNA damage is present... 

Meeker JD, Ehrlich S, Toth TL et al (2010b) Semen quality and sperm DNA damage in relation to urinary bisphenol A among men from an infertility clinic. Reprod Toxicol 4 532-539 Melzer D, Rice NE, Lewis C et al (2010) Association of urinary bisphenol A concentration with heart disease evidence from NHANES 2003/06. PLoS ONE 5(1) 1-9 Mendiola J, Jorgensen N, Andersson AM et al (2010) Are environmental levels of bisphenol A associated with reproductive function in fertile men Environ Health Perspect 118(9) 1286-1291... 

Hauser, R., Meeker, J.D., and Singh, N.R et al. (2007). DNA damage in human sperm is related to urinary levels of phthalate monoester and oxidative metabolites. Human Reproduction 22, 688-695. 

Fraga, C.G., Motchnik, P.A., Shigenaga, M.K., Helbock, H.J., Jacob, RA. and Ames, B.N. (1991). Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 11006-11033. 

Human sperm chromosomes retain a high fertilizing ability after a high dose of X-irradiation, although mammalian spermatozoa have little capacity to repair DNA damage induced by radiation (Kamiguchi et al. 1990). Radiation-induced death of lymphoid cells in rats is associated with damage to the cell itself but may also be due to secretions from irradiation-activated natural killer cells that induce pycnosis and interphase death in lymphoid cells (Eidus et al. 1990). 

Results of studies in humans and animals suggest that sperm abnormalities, evidence of DNA damage such as chromosomal anomalies, and tests for liver and kidney dysfunction may serve as biomarkers of the effects of 1,2-dibromoethane (Ellingham et al. 1986 Heinrichs 1983 NTP 1982,... 

Duty SM, Singh NP, Silva MJ, Barr DB, Brock JW, Ryan L, Herrick RE, Christiani DC, Hauser R (2003) The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay. Environ Health Perspect 111 1164-1169... 

DBCP is a genotoxic in microbial and mammalian assays. The mechanism for DBCP-induced testicular toxicity may be related to direct DNA damage. Binding of DBCP metabolites to testicular cell DNA has been demonstrated. Alternatively, inhibition of sperm carbohydrate metabolism could also account for DBCP toxicity to epididymal sperm. 

Chloroacetonitrile did not induce DNA damage or mutation in bacteria, whereas it induced sister chromatid exchanges and, weakly, DNA strand breaks in mammalian cell lines. Micronuclei were induced in the erythrocytes of newt Pleurodeles wait I) larvae exposed for 12 days, but in mice dosed for five days, neither micronuclei in bone marrow nor abnormal sperm morphology were induced. 

Hauser R, Singh NP, Chen Z, Pothier L, Altshul L. 2003b. Lack of an association between environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p -DDE and DNA damage in human sperm measured using the neutral comet assay. Hum Reprod 18 2525-2533. 

The severity of DNA damage depends upon whether mutations arise in germline (heritable) or somatic (nonheritable) cells. Heritable genetic material is found within the germline cells, or sperm and eggs, while nonheritable genetic material is found within somatic cells, or all other cells in an organism. In adults. 

The ReProComet assay (repair-proficient comet assay) was developed to detect chemically induced DNA damage in sperm cells. In order to overcome the intrinsic DNA repair deficiency of the sperm cells this modified comet assay is based on the addition of a protein extract from HeLa cells to agarose-embedded sperm on microscopic slides previously exposed to mutagenic compounds. A clear-cut dose-dependent effect was measured after addition of the cell extract representing a proof of concept of a novel in vitro mutagenicity test on sperm [18]. Transferability to other laboratories remains to be addressed. 

Cordelli E, Fresegna A, D Alessio A, Eleuteri P, Spano M, Pacchierotti F, Villani P (2007) ReProComet a new in vitro method to assess DNA damage in mammalian sperm. Toxicol Sci 99 545-552... 

Increased oxidative damage to sperm DNA could result in increased frequencies of heritable mutations. In 24 healthy men, seminal fluid ascorbate concentrations were inversely related to 8-oxodG levels in sperm DNA." Prenatal development may represent a period of increased vulnerability to the effects of oxidative DNA damage. Plasma a-tocopherol levels in 30 pregnant women were inversely correlated to placental tissue levels of 8-oxodG at birth." " ... 

Revel, A., Raanani, H., Younglai, E., Xu, J., Han, R., Savouret, J.F, and Casper, R.F, Resveratrol, a natural aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist, protects sperm from DNA damage and apoptosis caused by benzo(a)pyrene, Reprorf. Toxicol., 15 (5), 479-486,2001. 

Hsu, P C., H.Y. Chang, Y.L. Guo, Y.C. Liu, and T.S. ShUi. 2009. Effect of smoking on blood lead levels in workers and role of reactive oxygen species in lead-induced sperm chromatin DNA damage. Fertil. Steril. 91(4) 10%-1103. 

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