Mammalian assay

Friedman MA, Staub J. 1976. Inhibition of mouse testicular DNA synthesis by mutagens and carcinogens as a potential simple mammalian assay for mutagenesis. Mutat Res 37 67-76. 

Milligan SR, Balasubramanian AV, Kalita JC (1998) Relative potency of xenobiotic estrogens in an acute in vivo mammalian assay. Environ Health Perspect 106 23-26... 

Benzoic acid was not genotoxic in bacterial assays or in in vitro mammalian assays. ... 

DBCP is a genotoxic in microbial and mammalian assays. The mechanism for DBCP-induced testicular toxicity may be related to direct DNA damage. Binding of DBCP metabolites to testicular cell DNA has been demonstrated. Alternatively, inhibition of sperm carbohydrate metabolism could also account for DBCP toxicity to epididymal sperm. 

DDVP was not genotoxic in various in vivo mammalian assays. It was mutagenic in bacte-... 

Results of genotoxic tests have been mixed. In general hydroxylamine and its salts have shown positive results in in vitro assays and negative results in in vivo mammalian assays." ... 

Nitrobenzene was not genotoxic in vivo or in bacterial or mammalian assays in vitro. The lARC has determined that there is inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of nitrobenzene and that, overall, nitrobenzene is possibly carcinogenic to humans. ... 

Resorcinol was not genotoxic in bacterial assays or in in vivo mammalian assays it did cause chromosomal aberrations in human lym-phoqn es in vitro but not in cultured human fibroblasts. ... 

In vitro mammalian cell assay chromosome aberrations or tk mutations in mouse lymphoma cells 10 mM In vitro mammalian cell assay chromosome aberrations or tk mutations in mouse lymphoma cells or in vitro micronucleus assay 1 mM or 0.5 mg/ml top concentration No in vitro mammalian assay... 

In mammalian assays, glycidol has been tested in human lymphocytes and Chinese hamster cells in vitro for induction of chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges. It was also tested in vivo in the mouse micronucleus assay. All test results were positive, as were those of gene mutation assays using Chinese hamster V79 cells and mouse lymphoma L5178Y cells. An in-vivo assay to detect chromosomal aberrations in mouse bone-marrow cells gave negative results. 

The only mammalian assay to give no response without exogenous metabolism was an unscheduled DNA s5mthesis test using human cells. This test did, however, give a positive response in the presence of S9, which was also in contrast to the majority of the tests, in which the addition of an exogenous metabolizing system reduced the activity of the compound. 

Resorcinol is water-soluble and readily conjugated and eliminated. The chemical has no known potential for formation of electrophilic reactive intermediates comparable to those derived from the other dihydroxybenzenes. Resorcinol was tested in various genetic toxicology assays, including in-vitro bacterial and mammalian assays and in-vivo mammalian assays. It gave negative results in all studies, with the exception of a positive response in the two in-vitro studies that assessed chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes from whole blood cultures however, resorcinol did not induce chromosomal aberrations in human fibroblasts. 

Several assays have been developed for assessing genetic alterations in germ cells. The information developed can be used for hazard identification in the cancer risk assessment process or, more appropriately, in the development of a genetic risk assessment. The decision of when to conduct a germ cell assay is an important one because the assays are generally expensive and time-consuming. An exception is the use of Drosophila in assays that can serve as a substitute for mammalian assays. 

Brookes P, Preston RJJ. 1981. Summary report on the performance of in vitro mammalian assays. Mutat Res 1 77-85. 

Non-mammalian test systems Mammalian assays Human cells Genome mutations ... 

Bisphenol A (BPA), which is a commonly used name for 2,2-(4,4-dihydroxydiphenyl)-propane (CAS number 80-05-7), exhibits extremely weak hormonal activity in test tube assays and in vivo mammalian assays (Krishnan et al, 1993 Ashby and Tinwell, 1998 ... 

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