Spectrum of test

The spectrum of tests to be employed comprises methods from microbiology, immunology, protein and peptide biochemistry, genetic engineering and physico-chemical methods as well as animal experimentation. If these exist, for example in pharmacopoeias, standard method descriptions have to be followed. 

On a daily basis, pathologists perform a broad spectrum of tests on clinical samples to determine anatomical and physiological changes associated with a number of disease processes, including the detection of cancerous cells and tumors. 

The increase in the number of tests performed is already large. For example, in 1980 the inspection program analyzed 200,000 samples. In 1988, FSIS analyzed 463,000 sanples. In addition to increased numbers of samples tested, the spectrum of testing has also been enlarged. FSIS now monitors for 1. ooli 0157 H7 and Listeria which were not routinely tested 5 years ago. In the last year, the number of residue ocrpounds tested increased from 112 to 120. Both the number and kinds of tests performed are increasing. 

Figure 12.1 shows the 22 MRTFB test and evaluation activities managed by the three military services. Together, they encompass approximately 50% of the DOD land in the continental United States, 243,000 square miles of water surface, and 221,000 square miles of airspace. These activities provide the full spectrum of test and evaluation support for the Department of Defense s major weapon system acquisition programs. Due to their unique capabilities and expertise, these facilities may also be used to support research, development, test and evaluation requirements of other government agencies and private industry. The MRTFB has also been used for military training activities over the years. 

Analyte specific monitors chronic toxicity and employs tests specific for a single toxin or for analysis of a class of toxins. This covers a wide spectrum of tests including antibody-based assays. 

The susceptibility of NR based polar synthetic rubber blends to preparation methods and protocols makes the use of testing procedures able to detect and monitor the characteristics of these blend structures imperative. Thus, a vast spectrum of test methods is used to measure properties of both the uncured stocks and the vulcanizates. ... 

Figure 2. Standard types of testing loads and their spectrums a - small cyclic pulse loads b - step loads c - growing pulse loads.

Impact Echo -result showing waveform (top), single wave spectrum with peak echoes (middle) and average frequency spectrum for a series of tests at the same point. 

Testing the purity of a compound. If the spectrum of a sample of known purity is available, the presence of impurities in another sample can be detected from the additional bands in its infrared spectrum. 

Samples were tested on in a melt of salts (75% Na SO, 25% NaCl) at 950°C in an air atmosphere for 24 hours. Micro X-rays spectrum by the analysis found that the chemical composition of carbides of an alloy of the ZMI-3C and test alloys differs noticeably. In the monocarbide of phase composition of an alloy of the ZMI-3C there increased concentration of titanium and tungsten is observed in comparison with test alloys containing chemical composition tantalum. The concentration of more than 2% of tantalum in test alloys has allowed mostly to deduce tungsten from a mono carbide phase (MC) into solid solution. Thus resistance of test alloys LCD has been increased essentially, as carbide phase is mostly sensitive aggressive environments influence. The critical value of total molybdenum and tungsten concentration in MC should not exceed 15%. 

The deflagration flame arrester must he subjected to a series of at least 10 explosion (deflagration) tests in a rig with a pipe at least 5 feet (1.5 meters) long with various mixtures of propane in air and different test conditions to test the entire spectrum of possible deflagrations. Also, a series of 3 flashback tests, using a mixture of 4.2 volume percent of propane in air, must be conducted. 

The absorption spectrum of this nonstoichiometric phase forms the basis for the formerly much-used qualitative test for zinc oxide yellow when hot, white when cold . Alternatively, anion sites can be left vacant, e.g. ... 

The spectra of an organic compound in various solvents differ only in small detail so long as no serious interaction takes place between solute and solvent. Thus the spectrum of a substance in an aprotic solvent (e.g. cyclohexane) should be almost the same as that in water. When addition of water occurs across a C=N bond, the spectrum of the hydrate in water can be vastly different from the spectrum of the anhydrous substance in cyclohexane, and this test has been used on several occasions determine whether or not a neutral species... 

Caution is needed in applying the results of general chemical tests for glass durability across a wide spectrum of glass properties. Glass fibre strengths, for example, are sensitive to the physical, as well as the chemical, nature of the environment and should only be assessed by the direct strength measurements in conditions which closely approximate the final application situation . 

J.9 You are asked to identify compound X, which was extracted from a plant seized by customs inspectors. You run a number of tests and collect the following data. Compound X is a white, crystalline solid. An aqueous solution of X turns litmus red and conducts electricity poorly, even when X is present at appreciable concentrations. When you add sodium hydroxide to the solution a reaction takes place. A solution of the products of the reaction conducts electricity well. An elemental analysis of X shows that the mass percentage composition of the compound is 26.68% C and 2.239% H, with the remainder being oxygen. A mass spectrum of X yields a molar mass of 90.0 g-moF. (a) Write the empirical formula of X. (b) Write... 

The testing does not yet allow for setting specific input criteria. However, the testing made clear that the process probably can handle a broad spectrum of materials, such as wood, biomass, mixed plastic and pure PVC waste. For instance tests have been done on PVC waste but also with a mixture of PVC, PE, other polymers, Cu, Al, chalk, cement and fibres. 

The chemical composition of the glycerin liquid after the EEF test was measured with a Raman microscopy as shown in Fig. 54. Curve (a) is a typical Raman spectrum of glycerin without any EEF applied, and Curve (b) is the Raman spectrum of the glycerin after the positive EEF intensity... 

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