Measurement of strength

Conversion of hardness data to some measure of strength is also possible and has been done for several common materials (Eig. 1). Rules of thumb have also been developed relating tensile strength to hardness for steel, eg,... 

In conclusion to this section let us discuss the problem of interaction between a dispersion medium and filler. It was noted above that by varying intermoecular interaction on the filler s surface the yield stress may be varied over a wide range as a measure of strength of the structure being formed. 

The maximum potential power of an explosive can be calculated, or it can be measured by techniques such as those developed by Cook. A typical method consists of firing the explosive under water and measuring the energy liberated in the various forms, such as shock wave in the water, the work of expansion of the gas bubble, etc. These figures have limited practical value as the methods of application of explosives are of low and variable efficiency. A more practical measurement of strength can be obtained by the measurement of cratering efficiency. This, again, demands considerable expense and also requires the availability of uniform rock. 

A. Doroszkowski and R. Lamboume, Measurement of strength of steric barriers in non-aqueous polymer dispersions, J. Polym. Sci. C 34, 253-264 (1971). 

Hiestand, E. N. (1997), Principles, tenets and notions of tablet bonding and measurements of strength, Eur. I. Pharm. Biopharm., 44, 229-242. 

The propriety of this kind of mental leaping is one of the most controversial aspects of toxic tort and occupational disease cases, where causation often cannot be properly formulated as a yes-or-no fact. Instead, parties rely on evidence of increased risk or enhanced probability of disease which may or may not be attributable to defendant s conduct. The inquiry becomes one of the existence and magnitude of a fact probability. Therefore, understanding the dual nature of probability, as both a factual statistical quantity (fact probability) and a measure of strength of belief (belief probability), becomes important. Unfortunately, fact probability and belief probability have not been kept analytically distinct. Courts have collapsed the requirements for burden of production and burden of persuasion into one test that blurs plaintiff s twofold task of defining not only the facts or elements to be proved but also the amount of credence to be accorded a fact in support of a finding. When a judge tells a jury that plaintiff must show that causation is more likely than not, she/he risks confusion. Does she/he mean that the fact of causation which plaintiff must prove (burden of production) is not traditional true-or-false (100% vs. 0%)... 

Vhn couplings have been measured by Weisz and co-workers and used as a measure of strength of hydrogen bonds in complexes of 2 -deoxyadenosine with 2 -deoxyuridine. 

Hardness. Hardness measurement is easy to perform this is why the determination is used worldwide in production control as a measure of strength. As long as the measures are taken in one plant, any comparison might be suitable. However, comparison between different testing facilities and on different samples, respectively, measured at different load, might be sometimes doubtful and misleading, especially if methods are not standardized. Furthermore, different methods are in use to determine the hardness (Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell, Knoop, and microhardness), and the results cannot easily be compared with each other. 

Escolar DM, Henricson EK, Mayhew J et al (2001) Clinical evaluator reliability for quantitative and manual muscle testing measures of strength in children. Muscle Nerve 24 787-793... 

For those reasons, strength" means many different things in industry. Typically, measurement of strength is based on a simulation of the stresses which a particular agglomerated product must withstand. Very few industrial methods for the determination of this property are standardized or even known. In a competitive environment it is of less interest to compare quality between rivals than to make sure internally that the product properties that are expected by the industrial or public consumer are maintained. Therefore, most measurements of strength are undertaken as quality assurance. A few will be described below as examples. 

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