Cryptic species

Ultra-sound emissions typically occur when male rodents are exposed to female odours or altricial neonates to maternal sources (Whitney, 1974 Conely and Bell, 1978). Without the VNO, sexually inexperienced male mice do not utter emissions at ultra-high frequencies (UHF), whereas those with prior experience vocalise after VN-x, as discussed above (Chap. 5). Female mouse urine contains a unique UHF-eliciting component which is non-volatile but ephemeral (Sipos et al., 1995). The signal is degraded by oxidation and disappears within 15 to 18 hours of deposition. Direct contact with freshly voided urine must occur before males will vocalise (sexually experienced or inexperienced). At least one of the olfactory systems is needed for UHF to be elicited by fresh urine complete deafferentation abolishes the response (Sipos et al., 1993). Exposure to females permits UHF to be elicited by other than chemical cues (Labov and Wysocki, 1989). Nocturnal or cryptic species conceivably use ultrasound to advertise male presence whether this is to deter other males or assist with female location is unclear. 

Hung, G.-C., Chilton, N.B., Beveridge, I. and Gasser, R.B. (1999b) Molecular evidence for cryptic species within Cylicostephanus minutus (Nematoda Strongylidae). InternationalJournal for Parasitology 29, 285-291. 

Griinig GR et al.. Evidence for subdivision of the root-endophyte Phialocephala fortinii into cryptic species and recombination within species, Fungal Genet Biol 41 676-687, 2004. 

ITS1 Cryptic species of trematode in freshwater salmonids Criscione and Blouin (2004)... 

Thus molecular data have defined our species well and suggest which species are likely to be composed of cryptic species. We detail below basic descriptions of each of the formally described species and provide some indication as to other undescribed species where this information is known. 

P. globosa Scherffel (Scherffel 1900) forms globular colonies with the cells evenly distributed throughout the colony (Fig. 5b). Molecular data and DNA content suggest that this is a complex of up to three or four cryptic species, but to date no morphological investigations exist to support this. 

Simon EM, Nanney DL, Doerder FP (2008) The Tetrahymena pyriformis complex of cryptic species. Biodivers Conserv 17 365-380... 

Bidochka MJ, Kamp AM, Lavender TM, Dekoning J, De Cross JNA. Habitat association in two genetic groups of the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae Uncovering cryptic species Appl Environ Microbiol 67 335-1342, 2001. 

Kucera, M. Darling, K. F. 2002. Cryptic species of planktonic foraminifera their effect on palaeoceano-graphic reconstructions. Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London Series A, 360, 695-718. 

Despite recent advances, the study of the molecular genetics of deep-sea foraminifera remains in its infancy. Eurther work may help to clarify a number of issues that have potential relevance in palaeoceanography, notably possible genetic differentiation within morphospecies, the existence of genetically distinct cryptic species, and phylogenetic relationships between species. 

Bickford D, Lohman DJ, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL, Meier R, Winker K, Ingram KK, Das I (2006) Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 22 148-155 Borowsky B (1989) The effects of residential tubes on reproductive behaviors in Microdeutopus... 

Gamete and mate recognition proteins often play a key role in diversification and speciation because genes for them often evolve faster than other classes of genes (Civetta and Singh 1998 Swanson and Vacquier 2002b). Cryptic species are common in aquatic invertebrates in which sensory systems are dominated by mechano- and chemosensory modalities (Palumbi 1992 Knowlton 1993, 2000). These species boundaries are invisible to human observers who are biased toward visual recognition. 

Amato, A., Kooistra, W.H., Ghiron, J.H. et al. (2007). Reproductive isolation among sympatric cryptic species in marine diatoms. Protist 158,193-207. 

Simon, E.M. (1998). Comparison of sequence differences in a variable 23S rRNA domain among sets of cryptic species of ciliated protozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology45,91-100. 

Global dispersal and ancient cryptic species in the smallest marine... 

Evaluating the consequences of potential cryptic species within endemic Arcellinida morphospecies... 

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