Fungal elicitor

In addition to the proteins mentioned above, there have been many reports of the induction of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) in a number of plant species infected by viruses, viroids, bacteria or fungi (Van Loon, 1985). It has been shown that in cultured parsley cells, increased transcription of two PRP genes occurs within a few minutes of exposure to fungal elicitors (Somssich et al., 1986). Although several PRPs from tobacco have been purified and their cDNAs isolated (Hooft van Huijsduij-nen. Van Loon Bol, 1986), the exact action of these proteins remains unclear. 

Chappel, J. Hahlbrock, K. (1984). Transcription of plant defence genes in response to UV or fungal elicitor. Nature, 311, 76-8. 

Chappell, J., Hahlbrock, K. Boiler, T. (1984). Rapid induction of ethylene biosynthesis in cultured parsley cells by fungal elicitor and its relationship to the induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Planta, 161, 475-80. 

Cramer, C.L., Ryder, T.B., Bell, J.N. Lamb, C.J. (1985). Rapid switching of plant gene expression induced by fungal elicitor. Science, 227, 1240-2. 

Accumulation of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein mRNAs in response to fungal elicitor and infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 82, 6551-5. 

M. A. Lawton and C. J. Lamb, Transcriptional activation of plant defence genes by fungal elicitor, wounding and infection, Molecular Cell Biology 7 335 (1987). 

R. M. Zacharius and E. B. Ralan, Isoflavonoid changes in soybean cell suspensions when challenged with intact bacteria of fungal elicitors. J. Plant Physiol 135 122... 

To what extent is the response of cytosolic and plastidic isozymes of the shikimate pathway coordinated or coupled with one another and to alterations in expression of enzymes of the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid-pathway segments Some of the emerging information is given in Figure 6. Thus, light induction, well known to induce PAL and enzymes of the flavonoid pathway, also induces both DS-Mn and DS-Co in parsley cell cultures (49). However, only the cytosolic CM-2 (and not the plastidic CM-1) was induced. Fungal elicitor was reported to induce only DS-Mn—not DS-Co or either of the chorismate mutase isozymes (49). Previous studies... 

Kuhn, D.N. et al., Induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate CoA ligase mRNAs in cultured plant cells by UV light or fungal elicitor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Scl USA, 81, 1102, 1984. 

Batz O, Logemann E, Reinold S, Hahlbrock K. 1998. Extensive reprogramming of primary and secondary metabolism by fungal elicitor or infection in parsley cells. Biol Chem 379 1127-1135. 

Henstrand JM. 1992. Light and fungal elicitor induce 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulonosate 7-phosphate synthase mRNA in suspension cultured cells of parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.). Plant Physiol 98 761-763. 

PAL cDNA clones have been isolated from a number of species (Table 1). The first PAL cDNA clone was isolated from French bean suspension culture cells treated with fungal elicitor (Edwards et al., 1985). The clones were preselected by differential hybridisation to RNA from non-treated and elicitor-treated suspension culture cells. Further identification involved in vitro translation of hybrid-selected RNA and immunoprecipi-tation (Edwards et al., 1985), using an antibody raised against the purified bean PAL enzyme (Bolwell etal., 1985). This work identified pPAL5 as a PAL cDNA clone. 

Grand, C., Sami, F. Lamb, C.J. (1987). Rapid induction by fungal elicitor of the synthesis of cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, a specific enzyme of lignin synthesis. European Journal of Biochemistry 169, 73-7. 

Walter, M.H., Grima-Pettenati, J., Grand, C., Boudet, A.M. Lamb, C.J. (1988). Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, a molecular marker specific for lignin synthesis cDNA cloning and mRNA induction by fungal elicitor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 86, 5546-50. 

Mikes, V., Milat, M.L., Ponchet, M., Ricci, P, Blein, J.P. The fungal elicitor cryptogein is a sterol carrier protein. 

Paxton, J. D., 1988. Fungal elicitors of phytoalexins and their potential use in agriculture. In Cutler, H. G., (Ed.), Biologically Active Natural Products. ACS Symposium Series 380, ACS Books, Washington, DC, 109-119... 

In addition, cDNA clones for G10H [87], CPR [88], which is essential for the GlOH-catalyzed reaction, and SGD [89] have been isolated. Cpr mRNA accumulation is rapidly induced by fungal elicitor [88] and the Cpr promoter is eli-citor-responsive in transgenic tobacco [90]. All three genes are induced by MeJA in C. roseus cell cultures [89,91]. 

Rao, S.R. and Ravishankar, G.A. (1999) Biotransformation of isoeugenol to vanilla flavour metabolites and capsaicin in suspended and immobilized cell cultures of Capsicum frutescens study of the influence of / -cyclodextrin and fungal elicitor. Process Biochemistry 35(3-4), 341-348. 

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