Soybeans and Peanuts

Preparation and storage of products from both oilseeds is often inhibited by rancidity and bitter aroma defects caused mostly by volatile aroma active carbonyl compounds, e. g., (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-l,5-octadien-3-one and 3-methyl-2,4-nonan-dione. The rancidity-causing compounds are formed through peroxidation of linolenic acid, accelerated by the enzyme lipoxygenase and/or by hem(in) proteins (cf. 3.T.2.2). Furan fatty acids are the precursors in the case of the dione (cf. 14.3.2.2.5). Lipid peroxidation is also involved in the formation of another very potent odorant, 2-pentylpyridine, which produces grassy aroma defects in soybean products. Defatted soybean protein isolates contained 60-510 pg/kg of this compound, which with an odor threshold 

The complete removal of lipids is used as an additional precautionary measure in order to obtain an off-flavor-free product, particularly in the case of production of protein isolates. For example, the lipid residue which remains in soy flakes after hexane solvent extraction (cf. 14.3.2.2.1) is removed by extraction with hexane-ethanol 82 18 v/v. 

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Soybeans and peanuts also contain saponins, which are glucoside derivatives of triterpenoid alcohols (37). Saponins range from 0.09 to 0.32% in 457 soybean varieties (38). 

Nutrition research on winged bean has mainly focused upon the tough, mature seed, which is rich in protein and oil. The seeds are occasionally consumed in Indonesia and Papua NewGuinea (59, 60). A survey of 240 winged bean accessions from 16 countries showed that the protein and oil contents range between 20.7-45.9% and 7.2-21.5% respectively (13). Studies on the evaluation of seed flour as an alternative feed source for livestock has only recently begun. The two most commonly used plant protein sources in broiler (chicken) diets to date have been soybean and peanut cake (62). 

Contraindications History of hypersensitivity to atropine, soya lecithin, or related food products such as soybean and peanut... 

The best method for evaluation of the color problem is to prepare a food product containing the protein flour. Biscuits were routinely used as the model food system. Figure 5 illustrates the color of biscuits prepared with lOOZ wheat flour and with 20Z plant-protein products. The color of the biscuits prepared with soybean and peanut flours shows that these ingredients do not cause a serious color problem. However, sunflower, alfalfa leaf, and cottonseed flours do produce a discoloration in this model food system. The L and b values generally reflect this visual evaluation. 

Suspensions of field pea flour at pH 6.7 and 8.2 (including the two-step adjustment) contained similar high quantities of soluble protein at pH 4.0, most of the protein was Insoluble. Foam capacity of suspensions was higher at pH 8.2 than at 4.0 and 6.7. The two-step pH adjustment did not improve foam capacity over that of the one-step change as shown with the soybean and peanut products. The foam produced at pH 4.0 was thinner than those at pH 6.4 and 8.2 the latter three products had similar consistencies. 

Observations made in this study indicate that protein solubility was more closely related to the type of foam produced than to increase in capacity. For example, soybean and peanut seed flour suspensions contained higher levels of soluble protein than field pea and pecan suspensions and produced foams of much thicker consistency and smaller air cells. 

Why are the seeds of nitrogen-fixing plants, such as soybeans and peanuts, unusually high in protein ... 

These substances when mixed with soil kill weed seedlings but not crop plants such as cotton, soybeans, and peanuts. The activity is high normally only about 0.08 g meter-2 is required for good weed control. 

Uses Alachlor is a colorless to yellow crystal compound.111 13 Alachlor is an aniline herbicide used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in field corn, soybeans, and peanuts. It is a selective systemic herbicide, absorbed by germinating shoots and roots. It works by interfering with a plant s ability to produce protein and by interfering with root elongation. This compound is one of the most extensively used herbicides. The USEPA categorizes alachlor under restricted use pesticides (RUP), and it should be purchased and used only by certified applicators. 

Alachlor is an acetanilide introduced by Monsanto in 1969 (Fig. 4). Al,achlor is a preemergence herbicide, extensively used primarily in corn, soybeans, and peanuts. 

Objective spectrophotometric color measurement, as described in AOCS Official Method Cc 13 50 (Firestone, 1998), gives results that are in general highly correlated with Lovibond color, although wide discrepancies occur with some oils (O Brien, 2003). Method Cc 13-50 is stated to be applicable to cottonseed, soybean and peanut oils, and requires revision to accommodate the use of double beam spectrophotometers. Its applicability to milk fat is not known. 

An experimental formulation of A. caasiae to control sicklepod in soybeans and peanuts (Arachis... 

Extensive studies (139, 140) on rosemary extracts containing carnosol, camosic acid, and rosmarinic acid have shown that the activities of these natural antioxidants are system-dependent and that their effectiveness in different food systems is difficult to predict. In bulk vegetable oils (corn, soybean and peanut) and fish oils, carnosol and camosic acid are effective antioxidants. It has been hypothesized that this... 

To this group belong peas, beans, lentils, soybeans, and peanuts. All of them have fruits in the form of pods. Their shape and size depend on the cultivar. Inside the pod are seeds used as raw material in the food industry. 

Most xenobiotic GSH conjugates In plants are metabolized at least to cysteine conjugates and cysteine conjugates appear to be the pivotal point In metabolism. Cysteine conjugates may be end-products of metabolism, as observed In methldathlon metabolism In tomato and peanut cell suspension culture, or aclfluorfen metabolism In soybean and peanut cell suspension culture (16). Xenobiotic cysteine conjugates are frequently N-acylated with malonic acid as shown In Equation 25. This was demonstrated with the following... 

These fats represent two extremes. Many animal body fats have a melting pattern more or less comparable to milk fat. Some vegetable fats, like palm oil and coconut oil, behave like cocoa butter (here the word oil is a misnomer since the clear points are about 40 and 30°C, respectively). A third type includes most vegetable oils, like sunflower, soybean, and peanut oil, that contain a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid residues marine oils also are in this category. They generally have clear points in the range —5 to 5°C. 

Swep is a selective preemergence soil herbicide, effective mainly against monocotyledonous weeds in rice, soybean and peanut. 

Storm . [BASF AG] Bentazon,adfluor-fen for postemergence control of broadleaf weeds in soybeans and peanuts. 

Water-Soluble Proteins. Historically, several water-soluble plant and animal proteins have been used as adhesives, both industrially and in conservation work. Currently, only the milk-based casein products are in significant industrial use. Casein glues have also been used in conservation work, but formulations designed for high water resistance could be difficult to reverse. Plant proteins, especially those from legumes such as soybeans and peanuts, have been used industrially, some until fairly recently. Presumably at least some forms of plant protein glues would be reversible enough to be of interest to conservators. 

The field crops vary somewhat with country and climate but consist for the most part of rice, wheat, barley, millet, soybeans and peanut. Rice is the main bread crop of most of the Orient but farther north millet and sorghum assume first importance. 

Cloransulam-methyl and diclosulam are members of the triazolo[ 1,5-c] pyrimidine sulfonanilide family of AHAS-inhibiting herbicides. Both compounds show excellent crop selectivity, broad-spectrum broadleaf weed control and low toxicity. The herbicidal utility of cloransulam-methyl in soybeans was first presented in 1994 [6, 7] and further described in 1995 [8, 9] and 1996 [10-12]. Diclosulam was first described for use in soybeans and peanuts in 1997 [13] with additional description in 1998 [14] and 1999 [15-17]. 

Definition A high m.w. polymer In which amide linkages (-CONH) occur along the molecular chain may be either natural or synthetic natural polyamides include casein, soybean and peanut proteins, zein synthetic polyamides typified by various nylons Empirical (CsHnNO),... 

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