Experimental formulation

To help in our exposition, we will formalise the problem in the manner suggested by Taylor and Black [443]. In this, our input is a hst of tokens  

Insertions 1 a non-break has been incorrectly marked as a break 

These are then used to calculate the following scores  

The job of the phrasing algorithm is to assign values to every y, drawn from an inventory of juncture types, which we will define to be non-break, minor-break, major-break, sentence. About one in five junctures are of non-break type (that is the gap between normal words), so we have to be careful in assessing the accuracy of any algorithm -if we use one that always assigns non-break we will have achieved 80% accmacy on a simple-junctures-correct measure. Because of this, Taylor and Black proposed a number of measmes, later extended by Busser etal. [11], These are calculated from the following basic cpiantities  

Insertions I Number of non-breaks incorrectly marked as breaks 

Deletions D Number of breaks incorrectly marked as non-breaks 

Substitutions S Number of breaks of one type incorrectly marked as breaks of another type 

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These "experimental" formulations derived in the foregoing examples are only meant to be the starting formulations and must be fine-tuned based on small scale laboratory experiments before use in plant production. 

For two experimental formulations the data shown in Fig. 4.50 was acquired for each formulation, there exists a lower and a higher dose. Formulation A obviously rapidly disintegrates and in 20 minutes has set the contained drug free, while Formulation B needs at least an additional hour for the last 5-10% (the two tablets might have contained, on average, 102 and 97%-of-nominal, respectively). 

Figure 4.51. Distribution of experimental data. Six experimental formulations (strengths 1, 2, resp. 3 for formulations A, respectively B) were tested for cumulative release at five sampling times (10, 20, 30, 45, respectively 60 min.). Twelve tablets of each formulation were tested, for a total of 347 measurements (13 data points were lost to equipment malfunction and handling errors). The group means were normalized to 100% and the distribution of all points was calculated (bin width 0.5%, her depicted as a trace). The central portion is well represented by a combination of two Gaussian distributions centered on = 100, one that represents the majority of points, see Fig. 4.52, and another that is essentially due to the 10-minute data for formulation B. The data point marked with an arrow and the asymmetry must be ignored if a reasonable model is to be fit. There is room for some variation of the coefficients, as is demonstrated by the two representative curves (gray coefficients in parentheses, h = peak height, s = SD), that all yield very similar GOF-figures. (See Table 3.4.)...

Wright, C.G. and H.E. Dupree, Jr. 1982. Efficacy of experimental formulations of acephate, boric acid, encapsulated diazinon, permethrin, pirimphos-methyl, and propetamphos in control of German cockroaches. Jour. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 17 26-32. 

Figure 2 Tablet hardness as a function compaction force for an experimental formulation.

Accordingly, the experimental formulations of L-MoN and H-MoN are Moo.7uo.02N1 and Mo0.g7i0.02Nj, respectively. 

In vivo evaluation was performed as a four-treatment crossover study in four male beagles (three experimental formulations and an IV leg to facilitate bioavailability estimation). Animals were dosed orally with a single capsule and... 

Mucosal and systemic antibody responses were measured following oral (OR) and SQ immunization by a nanoparticulate-formulated protein. For oral immunizations, C57BL/6 female mice, 6-8 weeks old, were used in groups of 10 animals. Animals were immunized by gavage using a dose volume of 500 pL. Experimental formulations were prepared so each dose contained a certain load of protein (Table 4). Formulations tested included soluble protein, protein in the nanoparticulate form, protein mixed with empty nanoparticles and protein formulated with CRL-1005 non-ionic block copolymer. The immunization protocol included two immunizations one month apart. Blood, feces and saliva were collected from immunized mice on study days 21,28,49 and 56 and stored at -70 °C until tested. 

Preliminary observations had indicated that residues of technical hydroprene of 0.5 ug/cnr on glass (after overnight exposure to ambient room conditions) yielded only marginal results probably due to the volatility of this dienoate. This led us to investigate two existing commercial formulations and one experimental formulation at higher rates for their persistence throughout extended periods of exposure to ambient conditions. 

A partially purified Bacillus thurlnglensis var. israelensls (Bti) 6-endotoxin was used to Immunize rabbits. The antisera obtained have an improved specificity towards the mosquito larvacidal activity of the toxin, as opposed to antiserum raised when the whole crystal was used as immunogen. Using a two step/indirect ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) procedure developed in our laboratory, fourteen experimental formulations were tested, and the results were compared with bioassays. An average of 69.1 international units 20% c.v. was found to associate with each ug of toxin detected by the ELISA. Our data indicate that when toxin specific antisera are available, Immunoassays can be used to predict the biological activity of Bti samples with reasonable accuracy. 

An experimental formulation of A. caasiae to control sicklepod in soybeans and peanuts (Arachis... 

The first quantitative, experimental formulation of the dependence of reaction rates on temperature was made by Hood and later extended by Arrhenius. The form of the dependence of the specific rate constant on temperature is... 

Early formulation work on cosolvency involved an empirical approach for choosing the type and amount of cosolvent for a liquid vehicle. An improvement in the purely empirical approach was the introduction of alligation methods that could be used to reformulate vehicles based on experimental formulation or... 

In the critical variables analysis phase, a statistical experimental design is created (e.g., factorial, Box-Behnken) intended to assess critical formulation and process variables in relatively small-scale manufacture. In these studies, the ranges of composition variables are chosen to at least encompass those noted in the recommendations of the AAPS-FDA Workshop on Scale-up of Immediate Release Oral Solid Dosage Forms or SUP AC. This phase is usually preceded by a development phase during which variables and levels to be studied are determined and the exact method of manufacture is established. Experimental formulations are assessed at least in terms of dissolution performance, content uniformity, and weight variation. On the basis of these studies, the specific formulations to be manufactured for biostudy are selected. 

Residual products wj]] be presented to the target species over a range of time. The initially laid down deposit will be wet . This is followed by a curing period during which the product may become gradually more firmly attached to the substrate and therefore less easily picked up. Poor experimental formulations can result in extremely low control. 

The design of experimental formulations should be based on supportive results obtained from preformulations. These key results must be taken into... 

Bringing a potentially stable preformulation to an experimental formulation, and then to a successful marketable product, is the result of all the scientific... 

Bittner B, Thelly T, Isel H, et al. The impact of co-solvents and the composition of experimental formulations on the pump rate of the ALZET osmotic pump. Int J Pharm 2(X)0 205 195-198. 

From the above discussions it is clear that formulating gas turbine lubricants is a complex business and also that they can be formulated to favour particular properties over others. It is the user of the lubricant who must define the requirements which the resulting lubricant must meet. Ultimately, the lubricant must perform adequately in the engine but it is totally impractical for every single experimental formulation to be tested in an engine. Therefore there must be a means of conveying the technical requirements which the lubricant must meet, which is the purpose of the lubricant specification. 

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