Sourcing specifications development

Hymes (1983) presents a fireball-specific formulation of the point-source model developed from the generalized formulation (presented in Section 3.5.1) and Roberts s (1982) correlation of the duration of the combustion phase of a fireball. According to this approach the peak thermal input at distance L is given by... 

For major point sources, site-specific population patterns were extracted from U.S. Census Bureau files using data at the Enumeration District/Block Group (ED/BG) level. These data provide the finest resolution of population patterns available. The data were scaled from 1970 to a base year of 1978 using county growth factors published by the Census Bureau. Interpolations of population and concentration patterns were used to develop patterns of exposure/dosage that were then summed to produce source-specific exposure/dosage totals. 

The thermal ion mass spectrometer was specifically developed for the measurement of isotope abundances and is capable of excellent precision. Although the spark source mass spectrometer used in this work lacks some of this precision, it has proved very useful in stable isotope dilution work. It has a number of advantages, including greater versatility, relatively uniform sensitivity, and better applicability to a wide range of elements. 

This paper provides an overview of the techniques used by policy analysts to estimate air pollution emission from anthropogenic sources. The development of an inventory of emissions from a large nunber of emission sources by direct measurement would be prohibitively expensive. Therefore, estimation techniques are used which, although somewhat less reliable at the specific unit or boiler level, provide a reasonable assessment of emissions on average. Although no physical measurement is used, policy analysts are able to generate historic and current estimates, and future forecasts, of air pollutant emissions. This paper provides an overview of the techniques used to provide such estimates and forecasts. 

Over the past few years, established analytical chemical methodology for crude oil and refined petroleum derivatives has been extended to the rapidly expanding field of coal liquefaction products and has assisted in the substantive reappraisal of such potential liquid fuel sources as oil shale, tar sands, and similar bitumenous deposits. While many of the analytical problems of separation, identification, and characterization are common to all of these fields, each area exhibits distinct requirements calling for specific development of appropriate methodology. Indeed, the added chemical complexity of the nonpetroleum-based liquid fuel sources presents many novel challenges to the chemical investigator. 

Quality assurance Definition of supplemental indicators, such as specific pollutants, for example to identify causes and sources of impairments and targeting appropriate source controls Development maintain and review of Quality Management Plans and Quality Assurance Project Plans according to EPA policy, in relation with an appropriate level of data quality for an efficient decision... 

The inductively coupled plasma ion source was developed to accomplish exactly the opposite of the two soft ionization methods just described. Molecules are reduced to their atomic (i.e. elemental) components through the application of intense energy. Masses corresponding to elements of interest (e.g. 30.974 for phosphorus) are then specifically monitored. 

The paper summarizes eiforts started to deliver a profound chemical base for risk assessment, namely to properly take into account the physico-chemical phenomena governing the contamination source term development in time and space. One major aspect there is the substitution of conventional distribution coefficients (IQ values) for the empirical description of sorption processes by surface complexation models, in combination with other thermodynamic concepts. Thus, the framework of a Smart Kd is developed for complex scenarios with a detailed explanation of the underl3dng assumptions and theories. It helps to identify essential processes and the associated most critical parameters, easing further refinement studies. The presented case studies cover a broad spectrum of contamination cases and successfully demonstrate the applicability of the methodology. The necessity to create a mineral-specific sorption database to support the Smart IQ approach is derived and a first prototype for such a digital database introduced, combining numeric data with a knowledge base about the relevant theories, experimental methods, and structural information. 

A Belgian aluminium foundry is currently developing a noise reduction plan. The aim is for the general noise level to be reduced from 50 dBA to 40 dBA. This involves the study of 170 sources. Specific measures are taken to reduce the overall noise level between 22.00 h and 6.00 h. Additionally air is blown into the foundry hall, creating a small pressure difference to keep the noise inside. The total inside air volume is relfeshed 36 times each hour. 

This literature review draws from a wide variety of U.S. and European information sources. It is intended to provide backgroimd information on the current British nuclear energy sector and the entire U.K. ESI, in order to place it in perspective relative to the U.S. system. This background is usefol to understanding the political and economic driving forces behind recent change, as well as some specific developments, such as subsidies that were introduced to protect the viability of the nuclear sector. 

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