Sources of electrical power

2 Sources of Electrical Power. Since the requirements of processes and facilities of the MTR project vary as to the permissible duration of interruptions in electrical power, it has been necessary to provide other sources of electrical power in addition to the normal power from the public utilities. These other sources of electrical power have been made locally available within the site for continuous and eme rgency use. 

Th e normal electrical power is provided to the MTR site substation through the RTS (Reactor Testing Station) Central Facilities Control Station over a-high-line operating at 132 kv. This high-line comprises part of the ultimate RTS distribution system which initially provides only a single power feeder to the MTR and other sites. When the present plan for distribution of power at 132 kv within the RTS area is complete, this feeder will, be extended through the area and back to the Central Facilities Control Station to provide a loop transmission system. The loop system will, in effect, provide two feeders to each of the sites so that power transmission to any site may be over either one or both sections of the loop associated with the site. 

Although an operator at the substation control house may have control over all 2400-volt circuits, the incoming bus.circuits and the bus tie circuit may also be controlled by the BTS area power dispatcher. Control over a number of motor-driven disconnects has been made available to the area dispatcher so that control of high-voltage equipment and the distribution at the site substation may be accomplished with only a single high-line breaker. 

The sources of locally available electrical power for continuous use are power-accumulator systems which provide uninterrupted power to a number of important loads. The basic components of each system are a storage battery and a conversion. device. During normal operation the normal power system furnishes power through the conversion device to maintain the battery floating at full capacity and supply- the average power required by the load. Since the arrangement of the battery and conversion device permits the load to he supplied from either one or both simultaneously, there is no interruption to the load when an interruption occurs in the principal power system. 

A number of relatively small power-accumulator systems are included as parts of the equipment to which they provide power. Equipment having these systems includes the automatic dial and conference telephone system, the security and fire-alarm system, radio installations, and engine-starting systems. 

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In principle, after initiation the laser should be operatable purely by chemical reaction, without any external sources of electrical power. In practice, most chemical lasers do use a sustaining source of electrical power. 

An obvious example is the situation which can occur such that a loss of offsite power makes some power buses unavailable for RCS heat removal. In addition, this loss-of-power mitiator affects the availability of the remaining systems, because emergency power becomes the only source of electric power. 

Most urban rail service is electric-powered and most urban bus service is diesel-powered, although diesel rail and electric bus operations do exist, as noted above. The efficiency and environmental impacts of electricity depend gi eatly on the source of electric power. Although electric vehicles produce no tailpipe emissions, generation of electricity can produce significant emissions that can travel long distances, Eor example, coal-powered electricity plants produce particulate emissions that travel halfway across North America, Urban buses also can be powered by a variety of alternative fuels. 

Although technological innovation may eventually provide non-polluting alternatives, at present only nuclear power is a cost eflective non-fossil source of electric power. 

Both scrubbers will be supplied with three sources of electrical power - the main grid supply, a back-up grid supply from a different substation and an emergency diesel generator. In the emergency chlorine scrubber, critical equipment items will be backed-up by automatic start-up of stand-by equipment. A gravity head tank of caustic soda and a nitrogen ejector will also be provided to allow safe neutralisation of chlorine vents in the event of total power failure. 

Wubo" means an abundance of untapped subterranean resource deposits, potential sources of electric power and farm products. It is estimated that China s coal deposits amount to 1600 billion tons, iron ore deposits 120 million tons, and petroleum several billion tons. China s hydroelectric power alone is estimated to total 35 billion kilowatts. 

The next problem I had was to determine which of the electrical outlets I had actually re-energized. Using the portable lamp again, I went from socket to socket until I found three outlets that were now energized. I now had a source of electrical power to provide the heat needed to cause the deflagration. 

In a U.S.S.R. patent, Na anodes in molten salts (NaOH + NaBr) were disclosed as a source of electric power at high temperature, but no cycling data were presented (85a). A secondary battery operating at 150° with high TED and achieved energy output is described in a German patent, based on the system Na/NaAlCli /C, with a beta-Al203 separator (85b). 

The two key variables in the decision to use steam tracing or electric tracing are the temperature at which the pipe must be maintained and the distance to the supply of steam and a source of electric power. 

The Karl Fischer titration is a specialised type of coulometric titration. Coloumetry itself is a useful technique, but is not used as a mainstream technique for pharmaceutical analysis. Essentially coulometry is based on the electrolytic reduction of the analyte, i.e. the analyte is reduced by electrons supplied by a source of electrical power and the amount of charge passed in order to convert the analyte to its reduced form is equivalent to the amount of analyte present in solution. 

Much of the following text—and the results of the research to which it corresponds—deals with a single electrode ( a uni-electrode system )- One can only imagine uni-electrode systems. It is true that anyone who has a beaker of solution can place in it a single electrode, aplatinum wire, say, and connect it to a source of electrical power outside the beaker (Fig. 7.3). But one cannot operate with it, pass electrons in and out of it, say, unless there is a second electrode (Fig. 7.1). Thus, to make up an electrochemical cell, one has to have two electrodes, and these can then act in three ways as devices (see next section). 

However, there might be another possibility. Suppose that one has the electrode (the Pt plate, for example) not just sitting in the solution and exchanging ions and electrons with the solution, but with an electronic connection (a wire in fact) leading from the electrode in the solution to an outside source of electric power—an electron supply house. 

In 1800. William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle decomposed water into hydrogen and oxygen by an electric current supplied by a voltaic pile. Whereas Volta had pruduced electricity from chemical action these experimenters reversed the process and utilized electricity to produce chemical changes. In 1807. Sir Humphry Davy discovered two new elements, potassium and sodium, by the electrolysis of ihe respective solid hydroxides, utilizing a voltaic pile as the source of electric power. These electrolytic processes were the forerunners of the many industrial electrolytic processes used today to obtain aluminum, chlorine, hydrogen, or oxygen, for example, or in die electroplating of metals such as silver or chromium. 

OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION (OTEC). Utilization of ocean temperature differentials between solar-heated surface water and cold deep water as a source of electric power. In tropical areas such differences amount to 35-40°F. A pilot installation now operating near Hawaii utilizes a closed ammonia cycle as a working fluid, highly efficient titanium heat exchangers, and a polyethylene pipe 2000 feet long and 22 inches inside diameter to handle the huge volume of cold water required. Alternate uses for such a system, such as electrolysis of water,... 

Most commercial multistory installations contain busways that serve as the primary source of electrical power to various floors. Busways that incorporate sandwiched busbars are susceptible to nonlinear loading, especially if the neutral bus carries large levels of triplen harmonic currents (third, ninth, etc.). Under the worst possible conditions, the neutral bus may be forced to carry a current equal to 173% of the phase currents. In cases where substantial neutral currents are expected, the busways must be suitably derated. Table 4.10 indicates the amount of nonlinear loads that may be allowed to flow in the phase busbars for different neutral currents. The data are shown for busways with neutral busbars that are 100 and 200% in size. 

This method uses a more active metal than that in the structure to be protected, to supply the current needed to stop corrosion. Metals commonly used to protect iron as sacrificial anodes are magnesium, zinc, aluminum, and their alloys. No current has to be impressed to the system, since this acts as a galvanic pair that generates a current. The protected metal becomes the cathode, and hence it is free of corrosion. Two dissimilar metals in the same environment can lead to accelerated corrosion of the more active metal and protection of the less active one. Galvanic protection is often used in preference to impressed-current technique when the current requirements are low and the electrolyte has relatively low resistivity. It offers an advantage when there is no source of electrical power and when a completely underground system is desired. Probably, it is the most economical method for short life protection. 

Low-cost sources of electrical power have stimulated the widespread application of a number of electrochemically based technologies in wastewater treatment (Scheme 3). 

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