Sources and Training

We know a snbject onrselves, or we know where we can find information upon it. 

Human history becomes more and more a race between education and catastrophe. 

Because system safety is really a field that crosses all parts of engineering and society, you should not limit your thinking to the traditional data sources. Obviously, the first place to start is with your company, looking at the historical data on similar systems, past accidents (and near misses— we can learn a lot from what we barely averted), trend analyses, engineering reports, and analyses. 

The next step is to obtain copies of any pertinent government, industry, or international engineering standards. Chapter 2 provides a number of places to look. 

If you use quantitative data, be sure to include confidence limits. If you are unsure of how good the data are, say so. The fact that the numbers are questionable does not mean that they must be disregarded. Even if you use failure data that seem very unreasonable, you can still include upper and lower limits that would help bound the problem. It is possible to have fairly good confidence that the number lies somewhere between lower and upper bounds, even if you do not know the exact number. Also remember to include confidence intervals on the answer, not just the input data. Consult a reliability engineering book before manipulating failure data. 

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The fourth and final section, Information Sources and Training in Safety , covers access to health and safety information through the use of both conventional and computer-based data retrieval systems and approaches to safety training by professional organizations. 

Facilities, support equipment (e.g., proof-of-concept testing of hazardous systems/assemblies, which may include toxic, flammable, explosive, corrosive, or cryogenic fluids, radiation or noise emitters, and electrical power source), and training (e.g., training and certification pertaining to safety operations and maintenance)... 

Gaseous and particulate pollutants are withdrawn isoldnetically from an emission source and collected in a multicomponent sampling train. Principal components of the train include a high-efficiency glass- or quartz-fiber filter and a packed bed of porous polymeric adsorbent resin (typically XAD-2 or polyurethane foam for PCBs). The filter is used to collect organic-laden particulate materials and the porous polymeric resin to adsorb semivolatile organic species (com-... 

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Sources, Fire Training Areas, and Fill... 

Standard sampling trains are specified for some tests. One of these standards is the system specified for large, stationary combustion sources (4). This train was designed for sampling combustion sources and should not be selected over a simpler sampling train when sampling noncombustion sources such as low-temperature effluents from cyclones, baghouses, filters, etc. (5). 

Before taking the sample train to the test site, it is wise to prepare the operating curves for the particular job. With most factory-assembled trains, these curves are a part of the package. If a sampling train is assembled from components, the curves must be developed. The type of curves will vary from source to source and from train to train. Examples of useful operating curves include (1) velocity versus velocity pressure at various temperatures (6), (2) probe tip velocity versus flowmeter readings at various temperatures, and (3) flowmeter calibration curves of flow versus pressure drop. It is much easier to take an operaHng point from a previously prepared curve than to take out a calculator and pad to make the calculahons at the... 

The safety improvements use redundancy and diversity to prevent and mitigate lents. The safety injection system (SIS) and emergency feedwater system (EFWS) are dedicated four train systems. Containment spray and safety injection pumps take water from the in-containment water storage tank (IRWST), thus, eliminating the need to switch from an external source and provide a. semi-closed system with continuous recirculation. Emergency core coolant flows direc nto the... 

Once it is determined that data exist, the next step is to begin the collection process. If sufficient thought and training is provided in the development and operation of the maintenance and operating reporting systems, much of the collection process can be automated. Automation assumes that a well-thought-out taxonomy is in place. If this is not the case, then an analyst must collect and review the records manually. In either case, the analyst must collect data from the plant sources previously discussed in order to determine the numerator (number of failures within a unique plant equipment population), and denominator (the operating time or number of demands for the equipment) of the equation to calculate failure rates. 

Availability of equipment, specialists, and materials No services capacities required No special equipment, material, or specialists required cap materials available within 20 miles Needs readily available specialists to install and monitor vapor extraction system need treatment plant operators cap materials available within 20 miles Need a mobile incinerator and trained operators need treatment plant operators closest source of incinerator is 50 miles from site... 

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