Sorptive extraction techniques

Alves, R. F., Nascimento, A. M. D., and Nogueira, J. M. F. (2005). Characterization of the aroma profile of Madeira wine by sorptive extraction techniques. Anal. Chim. Acta 546, 11-21. 

Sorptive extraction techniques are based on the distribution equilibria between the sample matrix and a non-miscible liquid phase. Matrices are mostly aqueous and the non-miscible phase is often coated onto a solid support. Analytes are extracted from the matrix into the non-miscible extracting phase. Unlike adsorption techniques, where the analytes are bound to active sites on the surface, the total volume of extraction phase is important. Extraction of analytes depends on the partitioning coefficient of solutes between the phases (Ridgway et al., 2007). Two extraction techniques are commonly employed solid phase microextraction (SPME) and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). 

Classical methods such as liquid-liquid extraction (LEE) are comparatively rarely employed now because of their twin disadvantages of being slow and unwieldy where large sample volumes are to be extracted. The past decade has seen major advances in sorptive extraction techniques such as SPE or solid-phase microextraction (SPME), semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), and even stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). Such devices rely on the equilibrium (sometimes nonequilibrium) partitioning of analytes between aqueous and solid phases. 

Fontanals, N. Marce, R.M. Borrull, F. (2007). New materials in sorptive extraction techniques for polar compoimds Journal of Chromatography A, 1152,14-31. 

The sorptive extraction techniques are solvent-free techniques used to extract and preconcentrate analytes from the sample in a sorbent, which can be a high molecular-weight... 

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) are most implemented in water quality-control laboratories. Other sorptive extraction techniques (such as open-tubular trapping, gum-phase trapping extraction, and equilibrium gum-phase extraction) are reviewed in Ref. [160]. 

Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds by Sorptive Extraction Techniques... 

Buchberger, W. and P. Zaborsky. 2007. Sorptive extraction techniques for traee analysis of organic pollutants in the aquatic environment. Acta Chim. Slov. 54 1-13. 

B.B. Prasad, A. Srivastava and M.P. Tiwari, Highly selective and sensitive analysis of dopamine by molecularly imprinted stir bar sorptive extraction technique coupled with complementary molecularly imprinted polymer sensor, J. Colloid Inter/. Set, 396 234-241, 2013. 

To overcome the problems of relatively low sample capacity associated with SPME, a technique known as stir-bar sorptive extraction has been reported by Baltussen etal. A glass-coated magnetic stir bar was coated with 50-100 iL of PDMS. Sample extraction was performed by placing the stir bar in the sample with subsequent stirring for 30-120 min. After extraction, the stir bar was removed and analytes were thermally desorbed at 150-300 °C for 5 min for GC, or liquid desorbed for LC. Qualitative analysis of organochlorine residues in wine has been reported using a commercially available product known as Twister. ... 

Another recently developed technique is headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) with PDMS stir bars [552]. HSSE-GC was compared with SHS and HS-SPME. SBSE and HSSE extract organic analytes from aqueous or vapour samples. In SBSE, the stir bar is inserted into the aqueous sample and extraction takes place during stirring whereas in HSSE the glass rod is suspended within the headspace volume and sampling takes place during headspace equilibration. New trends are the development of selective sorbents. 

Miniaturisation of scientific instruments, following on from size reduction of electronic devices, has recently been hyped up in analytical chemistry (Tables 10.19 and 10.20). Typical examples of miniaturisation in sample preparation techniques are micro liquid-liquid extraction (in-vial extraction), ambient static headspace and disc cartridge SPE, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). A main driving force for miniaturisation is the possibility to use MS detection. Also, standard laboratory instrumentation such as GC, HPLC [88] and MS is being miniaturised. Miniaturisation of the LC system is compulsory, because the pressure to decrease solvent usage continues. Quite obviously, compact detectors, such as ECD, LIF, UV (and preferably also MS), are welcome. 

Soini, H.A., Bruce, K.E., Wiesler, D., David, F., Sandra, P. and Novotny, M.V. (2005) Stir bar sorptive extraction a new quantitative and comprehensive sampling technique for determination of chemical signal profiles from biological media J. Chem. Ecol., 31, 377-392. 

Abstract A relatively small number of mammalian pheromones has been identified, in contrast to a plethora of known insect pheromones, but two remarkable Asian elephant/insect pheromonal linkages have been elucidated, namely, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-yl acetate and frontalin. In addition, behavioral bioassays have demonstrated the presence of a chemical signal in the urine of female African elephants around the time of ovulation. Our search for possible ovulatory pheromones in the headspace over female African elephant urine has revealed for the first time the presence of a number of known insect pheromones. This search has been facilitated by the use of a powerful new analytical technique, automated solid phase dynamic extraction (SPDE)/GC-MS, as well as by novel macros for enhanced and rapid comparison of multiple mass spectral data files from Agilent ChemStation . This chapter will focus on our methodologies and results, as well as on a comparison of SPDE and the more established techniques of solid phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE). 

Baltussen, E., Sandra, P., David, F. and Cramers, C. (1999) Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), a novel extraction technique for aqueous samples theory and principles. J. Microcolumn Sep. 11,737-747. 

Besides classical headspace analysis, simultaneous distillation-extraction and solvent extraction, new sampling and enrichment developments include solvent-assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE) [3] and sorptive techniques like SPME solid-phase microextraction (SPME) [4,5] and stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [6], which are treated in a dedicated chapter in this book. This contribution will deal with advanced developments of GC techniques for improvement of separation and identification (classical multidimensional GC, or... 

A novel solventless simple technique for extraction of organic analytes from aqueous samples, stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), was introduced by Baltus-sen et al. [41]. 

MEPS has so far been applied mainly to the analysis of drugs in biological samples only one application for the extraction of PAHs in water has been published.26 One of the major advantages of the MEPS design is that the packed syringe can be used many times over, for example, more than 400 times for water samples. Moreover, the technique permits a fast handling time in the analysis of PAHs in water, the speed enhancement being 15 and 100 times compared to the literature procedures of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), respectively see Sections 4.2.3 and 4.2.4. 

This chapter focuses on three widely used techniques for extraction of semivolatile organics from liquids liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Other techniques may be useful in selected circumstances, but these three techniques have become the extraction methods of choice for research and commercial analytical laboratories. A fourth, recently introduced technique, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), is also discussed. 

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