Solution or interfacial

Amine-terminated siloxane oligomers have also been utilized in the synthesis of various siloxane-amide and siloxane-imide copolymers, High molecular weight siloxane-amide copolymers have been synthesized by the solution or interfacial co-polymerization of siloxane oligomers with sebacoyl chloride or terephthaloyl chloride respectively 1S5,165). In some reactions diamine chain extenders have also been utilized. Thermal and dynamic mechanical characterization of these copolymers have shown the formation of multiphase systems160). Compression molded films displayed very good elastomeric properties. 

The polycarbonate oligomers were prepared by solution or interfacial techniques (10,17,18). Methylene chloride and tetraethyl ammonium chloride served as the solvent and phase transfer catalyst, respectively. The block copolymerizations were performed essentially under interfacial reaction conditions. In the case of copolymerizations using the Bis-S polysulfone oligomers, it was necessary to use tetrachloroethane as the organic solvent. 

The Schotten-Bauman condensation produces polyanhydrides with moderate molecular weights by a dehydrochlorination reaction between a diacid chloride and a dicarboxylic acid. The polymerization takes place by reacting the monomers for 1 hr at room temperature, and it can be conducted via solution or interfacial methods. Solvents that are used in solution polymerization include dichloromethane, chloroform, benzene, and ethyl ether. The degree of polymerization obtained with this method is approximately 20-30. Lower molecular weight products are obtained for less reactive monomers such as isophthaloyl chloride. 

In the 1960s aromatic polyamides were developed to improve the flammability and heat resistance of nylons. Poly( 3-pheEyleneisophthalamide), or Nomex, is a highly heat resistant cylon obtained from the solution or interfacial polymerization of a metasubstituted diacid chloride and a diamine (Equation 2.36). 

The term aramid is used to describe aromatic polyamides, which were developed to improve the heat and flammability resistance of nylon. Nomex is a highly heat-resistance nylon introduced in 1961 by DuPont. It is produced by the solution or interfacial polymerization of isophthaloyl chloride and 7M-phe-nylenediamine ... 

Sample synthesis was carried out as previously des-cribed, using either solution or interfacial polycondensation. Characterization was as in reference 3 DSC and polarizing microscopy were carried out using controlled sample thermal history as described in references 4,5. 

The forces controlling surfactant interactions with polymers are identical to those involved in other solution or interfacial properties, namely, van der Waals or dispersion forces, the hydrophobic effect, dipolar and acid-base interactions, and electrostatic interactions. The relative importance of each type of interaction will vary with the natures of the polymer and surfactant so that the exact characters of the complexes formed may be almost as varied as the types of material available for study. 

In conclusion, the hydroxyl terminated poly(arylene ether sulfone) oligomers of controllable molecular weight were synthesized by the NMP/K CO route. These oligomers were isolated and reacted in a second step with terephthaloyl chloride with or without added biphenol to form segmented copolymers. This second reaction was performed either in solution or interfacial-ly. It was found that the interfacial process allowed a higher percentage... 

By using this concept, resorcinol poly(ester carbonate)s were developed and introduced under the trade name Lexan SLX grades. The block copolymers of Iso- and Terephthalate esters of iJesorcinol (ITR) and BPA polycarbonate can be prepared by melt, solution, or interfacial reactions [191], The properties of these resins are controlled by adjusting the percentage of resorcinol phthalate to BPA carbonate (Fig. 14.18). 

Aromatic polyamides are specialty products [182], used for high-performance fibers and composites, which are produced by solution or interfacial processes from acid chlorides and amines. 

The PEAs reported in this work were prepared in a simple way by solution or interfacial polycondensation, where di-p-toluenesulfonic acid salts of bis-(a-amino acid)-a,co-alkylene diesters react with chlorides of dicarboxylic acids (interfacial polycondensation) or their active diesters (Active Polycondensation, APC). The APC method involves the condensation of two partners (I) bis-electrophilic, activated dicarboxylic acids, and (II) bis-nucleophilic, acid salts of bis-(a-amino acid)-a,(0-alkylene diesters in combination with di-p-toluenesulfonic acid salts of L-lysine benzyl ester. This reaction proceeds under mild conditions in common organic solvents and leads to polymer of high molecular weight (up to 300 KDa). A detailed review of the APC method has been recently summarized by Katsarava (7). 

Scheme 24 summarizes the preparation of polyamides (99) and polyureas (101) from the reaction of l,r- is (P-aminoethyl)feiTocene (97) with diisocyanates (98) and diacid chlorides (100). These polymers were prepared via solution or interfacial polycondensation reactions to yield polymers with intrinsic viscosities ranging from 0.1 to LSdr/g. ... 

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