Solution in brine

A plot showing the ratio of gas mobility to liquid mobility for air flow in the presence of brine and some surfactant solutions in brine is shown in Figure 4. The results indicate that these surfactants should be effective agents for reducing gas mobility, particularly in water-wetted sandstone reservoirs. A list of the surfactants used axe given in Table I. 

The addition of Na2C03 in the brine can lead to an increase in surface charge in two ways (1) ionization of the organic acid at oil/water interface (2) adsorption of hydroxyl ions. Figure 12.11 shows that the -potential for oil in brine was -20 mv and oil in 0.15 wt.% NaaCOs solution in brine was -23 mv at 0% surfactant. The stabilized -potential of the surfactant-only system was about -33 mv. The -potential of the surfactant solution with 0.15 wt.% NaaCOs present stabilized at about -55 mv. 

Figure 2. Comparison of a "microgel-free" solution and a clarified, but otherwise untreated xanthan solution in Brine 1. T = 25°C.

Auerbach, M. H., Prediction of Viscosity of Xanthan Solutions in Brines, SPE 13591, presented at the International Symposium on Oilfield and Geothermal Chemistry held in Phoenix, Arizona, April 9-11 (1985). 

The clarified and acidified brine is treated with gaseous chlorine which is injected into the solution in a small excess over the theoretical stoichometric relation by weight of 0.28 1 chlorine to iodide. The oxidation occurs according to... 

Scrubbing andDesliming. Sylvinite ores in North America contain 1—6 wt % water-insoluble clays. A significant portion of these clays is less than 0.002 mm in diameter. If not removed or controUed in some manner, clay bodies that are dispersed in the flotation solution, ie, brine saturated with KCl and NaCl, absorb the amine coUector, which is added to effect flotation separation, and the coUector is rendered ineffective. Clay is the most troublesome impurity encountered in the processing of sylvinite ore. 

Manufacture is either by reaction of molten sodium with methyl alcohol or by the reaction of methyl alcohol with sodium amalgam obtained from the electrolysis of brine in a Castner mercury cell (78). Both these methods produce a solution of sodium methylate in methanol and the product is offered in two forms a 30% solution in methanol, and a soHd, which is a dry, free-flowing white powder obtained by evaporating the methanol. The direct production of dry sodium methylate has been carried out by the introduction of methanol vapors to molten sodium in a heavy duty agitating reactor. The sohd is supphed in polyethylene bags contained in airtight dmms filled in a nitrogen atmosphere. 

Traditional Processes. The two primary stripping vapors are steam and air. Steam is used when the concentration of bromine in brine is greater than 1000 ppm. The advantage is that bromine can be condensed direcdy from the steam. Air is used when seawater is the source of bromine because very large volumes of stripping gas are needed and steam would be too expensive. When air is used the bromine needs to be trapped in an alkaline or reducing solution to concentrate it. 

There are 10 producers of calcium chloride solutions in the United States, three of these also make a dry product. Solution production is centered around Michigan (brines), California and Utah (brines), and Louisiana (by-product acid). The majority of dry calcium chloride is made in Michigan, lesser quantities in Louisiana, and minor quantities in California. Production involves removal of other chlorides (primarily magnesium) by precipitation and filtration followed by concentration of the calcium chloride solution, either for ultimate sale, or for feed for dry product. Commercial dry products vary by the amount of water removed and by the nature of the drying equipment used. Production and capacity figures for the United States are indicated in Table 2. 

Cyclopropyl-1 lodo-2-propanol (6). To freshly scraped samanum powder (300 mg, 2 at) at O C was added a few drops of a solution of 4 (34 mg, 1 mmol) and 5 (803 mg, 3 mmol), in THF (6 mL). After initiation, the rest was added with stirring dunng 20 min, end after 20 min at 0°C, the mixture was treated with 1 N HCI and extracted with ether. The combined extracts were washed with aq Na2S203 solution and brine, and dned over MgSOs Evaporation and preparative TLC gave 175 mg of 6 (77%)... 

The thus-washed crude product is dissolved in a mixture of 12 parts of ethanol and 20 parts of benzene, with mild warming if necessary. 1 Part of sodium chloride and 1.5 parts of saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution are added to the obtained solution in ethanol-benzene, and whole thoroughly admixed. When the brine layer has settled. It is separated and the afore-described washing repeated. The clear solution is concentrated under reduced pressure until incipient formation of crystals and is then poured into 30 parts of benzene, whereupon a thick crystalline pulp is forthwith formed which, after being cooled to room temperature, is centrifuged off. The so-obtained 5-allyl-5-( 3-hydroxypropyl)-barbituric acid is dried at 70°C under reduced pressure and can be used for therapeutic purposes without further purification. Melting point 164 °C to 165°C. Yield 5 parts. 

Density control in brine-polymer systems can be achieved with salt solutions or with weighting materials. When mixing heavy brine completion fluids, the following factors should be considered ... 

Core Type Polymer Solution (in 50-percent brine) Percent of Originel Permeability to Brine (forwerd) Percent of Original Permeability to Brine (reverse)... 

The salts content of soils may be markedly altered by man s activities. The effect of cathodic protection will be discussed later in this section. Fertiliser use, particularly the heavy doses used in lawn care, introduces many chemicals into the soil. Industrial wastes, salt brines from petroleum production, thawing salts on walks and roads, weed-killing salts at the base of metal structures, and many other situations could be cited as examples of alteration of the soil solution. In tidal areas or in soils near extensive salt deposits, depletion of fresh ground-water supplies has resulted in a flow of brackish or salty sea water into these soils, causing increased corrosion. 

Table 3.53 Corrosion of Type I Ni-Resist and cast iron in brine solutions...

Ice lollies are made from juice (water, sugar, citric acid, flavour and colour) and are frozen into shape using moulds immersed in a cold brine solution, in a similar manner to can ice making (see Section 12.4). The moulds are made from stainless steel or nickel, and pass in rows through a brine bath at - 45°C. Different layers of confection may be built up by allowing one outside layer to freeze, sucking out the unfrozen centre and refilling with another mix. The sticks are inserted before the centre freezes solid. The moulds finally pass... 

The hexane solvent was removed from a solution of DIB AL (22 mmol, 1 Min hexane) at reduced pressure and at ambient temperature, and ether (10 ml) was introduced. l-Cyclohexyl-2-trimethylsilylethyne (20 mmol) was added at such a rate as to maintain ambient temperature within the reaction, and. after 15 min, the reaction flask was placed in a preheated (40 °C) bath for I h. The resulting clear solution was transferred by means of a double-ended syringe to a vigorously stirred cold solution of HC1 (50 ml, 10%). The flask was rinsed with ether (20 ml), and the mixture was stirred until the resulting phases were almost clear. The layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ether (40 ml). The combined organic extracts were washed successively with dilute HC1 (20%), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and brine, and dried. 

A solution of ( )-l,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)oct-l-ene (12mmol) in glacial AcOH (31 ml) and H20 (1.6 ml) was heated with stirring at 110°C for 29 h. The mixture was then cooled to0°C, aqueous NaOH (60 ml, 9 m) added, and the total was extracted with ether (50 ml). The ethereal extract was washed with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and brine, and dried. Concentration and distillation gave 2-trimethylsilyloct-l-ene (U.5mmol, 96%), b.p. 106 °C/1 mmHg. 

A solution of 4,4-dimethyl-l-trimethylsilylcyclohex-l-ene (2 mmol) in dichloromethane (100 ml) was added over 6 h with stirring to a mixture of acetyl chloride (6 mmol) and A1C13 (6 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 ml). After a further 15 min, the mixture was washed with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and brine, dried and concentrated in vacuo. Preparative t.l.c. on Si02, eluting with dichloromethane, gave 1-acetyl-4,4-dimethylcyclohex-l-ene (0.154 mmol, 77%). 

A solution of mcpba (11.5 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 ml) was added to a stirred solution of the vinylsilane (10 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) at 0°C. After stirring for 1 h, the mixture was washed with aqueous sodium hydrogen sulphite (50 ml), saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and brine. The organic solution was then dried and concentrated, prior to purification by distillation or chromatography. 

A solution of 1-trimethylsilyloxycyclohex-l-ene (5.12 mmol) and benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (5.47 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 ml) was cooled to —78°C, and to this was added TMSOTf (0.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (0.5 ml). The mixture was stirred at -78°C for 8h, and then quenched by the addition of water at —78 °C. Dichloromethane (50 ml) was added, and the mixture was washed with saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and brine, and dried. Concentration provided a crude oil consisting of a 93 7 mixture of erythro- and r/jreo-2-(methoxyphenyl-methyl)cyclohexanone. Chromatography on silica gel (20g, eluant petroleum ether ether 10 1) gave the pure erythro (82%) and threo (6.7%) isomers as oils. 

The separatory funnel, water, 10% hydrochloric acid, saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, and brine are cooled to ca. 0°C in a freezer prior to use. 

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