Outside layer

For these gradients, continuity requires that everything that reacted inside, had to diffiise through the outside layer of the catalyst. 

Concentration gradient inside the catalyst particle. The continuity statement, at the catalyst surface, is similar to Pick s first law for diffiasion. The reaction rate is equal to the diffusion rate at the outside layer of the catalyst... 

Ice lollies are made from juice (water, sugar, citric acid, flavour and colour) and are frozen into shape using moulds immersed in a cold brine solution, in a similar manner to can ice making (see Section 12.4). The moulds are made from stainless steel or nickel, and pass in rows through a brine bath at - 45°C. Different layers of confection may be built up by allowing one outside layer to freeze, sucking out the unfrozen centre and refilling with another mix. The sticks are inserted before the centre freezes solid. The moulds finally pass... 

The commercial polymeric films (Table I) that are used as the outside layer of multilayered materials for thermoprocessed food packaging are poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyiminocaproyl, or polypropylene. The other five films listed in Table I or polypropylene are used for the food-contacting layer. 

Temperature changes in layered composites lead to shape distortion via spatial differences in material properties. Our original interest in the phenomenon was motivated by quality control during the manufacturing of the boxes for refrigerators and freezers. These boxes are made from a steel sheet as an outside layer, a plastic liner and urethane foam in the middle. In our case, the liner was made from... 

Lipid microspheres were used instead of liposomes as a carrier of lipophilic drugs in this study. Because the outside layer of liposomes and lipid microspheres is lecithin the distribution into the body was expected to be similar. 

The speed of burning of fast igniter cord depends on the speed of burning of the blackpowder-coated yarns and this depends in turn on the gas channels left in the construction of the fuse. The remainder of the fuse is also combustible, so that there is no pressure build up due to lack of venting. Should a minor pin hole or break in the outside layers be produced and water enter, the incendiary composition will continue to burn so that the fuse will not fail, although it will slow down for the distance of the damage. 

Figures 21(a) and 21(b) show the SEM micrographs of the freeze-fractured cross-section of the film used in the construction of the bag. There are two distinct layers and possibly a third very much thinner tie layer. The outside layer is a layer of nominal thickness 13 pm. The inside layer is much thicker and is approximately 70 pm thick. At the interface between the outer and inner layers the apparent very thin tie layer is about 1 pm thick. This is too thin to be identified by FUR microscopy on a cross-section of the sample, since the technique is diffraction-limited, which means that layers of about 10 pm thickness or greater can only be readily identified [1]. The tie layer thickness is also probably too thin for fingerprinting by Raman microspectroscopy on a cross-section the lateral spatial resolution of Raman microspectroscopy is about 1-2 pm.

Figure 58 FTIR-ATR spectrum acquired from the outside surface of the outside layer of catheter sample 2, Area A.

Identification of individual film layers was performed using ATR-FTIR. The outside layer labeled "1" was optically clear and was identified as an aromatic polyester most likely polyfethylene terephthalate) (PET) or an ethylene terephthalate/isophthalate copolymer. 

Group compatibility data indicates no reaction between propylene dichloride and aluminum oxide (which would form an outside layer on the aluminum metal). However, "heat generation, may cause pressurization" and "forms very unstable explosive metallic compounds" are the results of combining propylene dichloride and aluminum powder (NOAA 2002). 

Lecoeur, H., Prevost, M.C. and Gougeon, M.L., 2001, Oncosis is associated with exposure of phosphatidylserine residues on the outside layer of the plasma membrane A reconsideration ofthe specificity of the annexin V/propidium iodide assay. Cytometry, 44 65-72. 

Solidification. When the ingot or casting solidifies, there are three main possible microstructures that form (see Figure 7.5). We will describe here only the final structures the thermodynamics of the liquid-solid phase transformation have been described previously in Chapter 2. The outside layer of the ingot is called the chill zone and consists of a thin layer of equiaxed crystals with random orientation. 

In a typical diffusion-controlled matrix system, drug in the outside layer ofthe matrix is exposed to the solution medium and dissolved Lrst it then diffuses out ofthe matrix as illustrated in Figure 22.2. The process continues at the interface between the bulk medium and solute and gradually moves toward the interior. In this approach, the dissolution rate ofthe drug within the matrix must be signiLcantly faster than the diffusion rate ofthe dissolved drug. The release rate of a drug from a... 

The compressive residual stress crrl in the outside layers of a laminate shields natural and artificial cracks in the layer. Therefore, the effective (apparent) fracture toughness of such a structure increases. The more compressive residual stress induced, the more shielding occurs. Another important factor that contributes to the apparent fracture toughness increase... 

That it is not polymer relaxation but drug dissolution rate, or drug solubility, which accounts for membrane formation can be seen from Figure 15 During the short acetone swelling phase the 0X-loaded core expands, even as a sharply defined drug depleted outside layer is formed complete dissolution occurs only after "v 90 minutes. 

With the same method also tubes consisting of a CR-1 outside layer and an AKP-30 inside layer were prepared. The CR-1 suspension was produced in essentially the same way as described above for the AKP-30 suspension. Injection also took place in the same way as the single powder AKP-30 tube. The process started with injecting the CR-1 suspension and afterwards the AKP-30 suspension was injected. An SEM photograph of the resulting tube is shown in Figure 6. 

Throughputs of winders can be over 2,200 lb/h (1,000 kg/h). Transfers from one roll to another can take less then a second. Material speeds are up to at least 2,200 ft/min in cast film lines at least 999 ft/min in blown film lines. Blown film lines may want to use reverse winding systems to allow coextruded films to be wound with a particular material as the inside or outside layer. 

These electrode potentials are potential differences themselves, which are formed between the electrode (solid phase) and the electrolyte (liquid phase). Their occurrence can be most easily interpreted by the formation of double layers on the phase boundaries. If a piece of metal is immersed in a solution which contains its own ions (e.g. Zn in a solution of ZnS04), two processes will immediately start. First, the atoms of the outside layer of the metal will dissolve, leaving electrons on the metal itself, and slowly diffuse into the solution as metal ions. Second, metal ions from the solution will take up electrons from the metal... 

The parameter Y depends only on the properties of the base and constraining layers. Although we have called it a stiffness parameter, Y does become dependent only on geometry when the two outside layers have equal elastic moduli. 

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