Solid-state Physics and Chemistry

The third area of appUcation is also the most extensive and the most important, and by virtue of the diversity of the information obtainable is particularly difficult to summarise concisely. This is partly because the type of information obtainable is very dependent on the nature of the chemical system under study. Some of the more striking applications will be found to be effective only in specific examples and are not general. The insight and ingenuity of the researcher are then paramount. 

Mossbauer spectroscopy has the two important advantages that it is nondestructive, and that it probes the solid state microscopically at the atomic dimensions rather than in bulk, so that one observes the statistical sum of the individual isotope environments rather than a bulk average. The following synopses indicate the general properties which can be determined in suitable cases. 

The detailed electronic configuration of a transition-metal ion (e.g. 5 = I, i, or i for a ion), orbital populations, and mixed ligand-field crossover complexes can be studied in detail. Electronic spin relaxation is known in paramagnetic ions. The pressure dependence may give additional information on the bonding-type and anisotropy of the crystal. 

The recoilless fraction and the second-order Doppler shift reflect the vibrational properties of the crystal. Different atoms in the same molecule may have dissimilar vibrational properties, but interpretation of recoilless fractions can only be rudimentary. 

The magnetic properties of an alloy can be studied as a function of the temperature and concentration of the constituent metals. Order-disorder phenomena can be measured directly and compared with the thermal history and mechanical properties of the alloy. The statistical occupation of the first coordination sphere round the resonant atoms in binary alloys can be derived from magnetic spectra. 

Both of these crucial fields of research will surface repeatedly later in this book here they are briefly discussed only as fields which by at least one of the criteria I have examined do not appear to qualify as fully blown disciplines. Both have emerged only in this century, because a knowledge of crystal structure is indispensable to both and that only emerged after 1912, when X-ray diflfraction from crystals was discovered. 

The beginnings of the enormous field of solid-state physics were concisely set out in a fascinating series of recollections by some of the pioneers at a Royal Society Symposium (Mott 1980), with the participation of a number of professional historians of science, and in much greater detail in a large, impressive book by a number of historians (Hoddeson et al. 1992), dealing in depth with such histories as the roots of solid-state physics in the years before quantum mechanics, the quantum theory of metals and band theory, point defects and colour centres, magnetism, mechanical behaviour of solids, semiconductor physics and critical statistical theory. 

As for solid-state chemistry, that began in the form of crystal chemistry , the systematic study of the chemical (and physical) factors that govern the structures in which specific chemicals and chemical families crystallise, and many books on this topic were published from the 1930s onwards. The most important addition to straight crystal chemistry from the 1940s onwards was the examination of crystal 

The enormous amount of research at the interface between physical and structural chemistry has been expertly reviewed recently by Schmalzried in a book about chemical kinetics of solids (Schmalzried 1995), dealing with matters such as morphology and reactions at evolving interfaces, oxidation specifically, internal reactions (such as internal oxidation), reactions under irradiation, etc. 

An eminent researcher at the boundaries between physics and chemistry, Howard Reiss, some years ago explained the difference between a solid-state chemist and a solid-state physicist. The first thinks in configuration space, the second in momentum space so, one is the Fourier transform of the other. 

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V Amelinck S, van Dyck D, van Landuyt J and van Trendelo G (eds) 1996 Handbook of Microscopy, Application In Materials Science, Solid State Physics and Chemistry 3 vols (Weinheim VCH)... 

Computational solid-state physics and chemistry are vibrant areas of research. The all-electron methods for high-accuracy electronic stnicture calculations mentioned in section B3.2.3.2 are in active development, and with PAW, an efficient new all-electron method has recently been introduced. Ever more powerfiil computers enable more detailed predictions on systems of increasing size. At the same time, new, more complex materials require methods that are able to describe their large unit cells and diverse atomic make-up. Here, the new orbital-free DFT method may lead the way. More powerful teclmiques are also necessary for the accurate treatment of surfaces and their interaction with atoms and, possibly complex, molecules. Combined with recent progress in embedding theory, these developments make possible increasingly sophisticated predictions of the quantum structural properties of solids and solid surfaces. 

In this chapter solid-state physics and chemistry future directions in shock-compres-... 

After a consideration of optical transitions in which MMCT plays a role, and after a characterization of the excited states involved, a short review of mixed-valence compounds and their spectroscopy is in order. For more extended reviews we refer to Refs. [60,97], At least 40 elements of the periodic table form mixed-valence species which are of importance in solid state physics and chemistry, inorganic chemistry, materials science, geology and bioinorganic chemistry. It is usually their colors which are their most striking property (see also above), but they have more intriguing properties, for example electrical and magnetic properties. 

S. Amelinckx, D. van Dyck, J. van Landuyt, G. van Tendeloo (Eds.), Handbook of Microscopy Applications in Materials Science, Solid-State Physics and Chemistry, VCH, Weinheim, 1997. 

Investigation of structure and properties of crystal is one of the most important problems in solid state physics and chemistry. Thus study of the features of electron diffraction (ED) and their relation to the inner crystalline field and establishment of their link to physical properties is one of the major requests of modem stmcture analysis (SA). 

This book, my opera prima, was conceived for both beginner and experienced chemists, physicists and material scientists interested in the amazing field of molecular organic materials. Some basic notions of solid-state physics and chemistry and of quantum mechanics are required, but the book is written trying to reach a broad multidisciplinary audience. 

The amazing evolution of solid state physics and chemistry over the last 30 years induced an intensive study of various solid state processes, particularly in the context of materials science. Materials have always been an important feature of civilization and are the basis of our modern technical society. Their preparation is often due solely to reactions between solids. Solid state reactions are also often responsible for the materials adaptation to a specific technical purpose, or for the degradation of a material. 

In the past two decades, the study of the electrical properties of materials has lead to a considerable increase in the understanding of solid state physics and chemistry. This new understanding has lead to the development of new and unusual electronic materials and devices... 

No one could introduce this new book better than my old friend Professor Felix Gutmann, of Sydney, Australia. For more than twenty years, we have been together often in Nice, in Sydney, in Munich, and in Los Angeles. Felix Gutmann is co-author, with Lawrence Lyons of Brisbane, Australia, of a most remarkable volume, Organic Semiconductors, published in 1967 by John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York. This monumental book has received considerable support in the scientific community, and I have seen this book in many solid-state physics and chemistry laboratories and in libraries throughout the world. I hope that the present volume will enjoy the same level of success. 

The forms used in equations (12) and (13) are often found in the solid-state physics and chemistry literature. 

Structural phase transitions induced by JT interactions (cooperative JT effect) are perhaps the most striking structural manifestations. Owing to the importance of such an effect in solid state physics and chemistry many review articles are available ... 

See V.G. Tsirelson and R.P. Ozerov, Electron density and bonding in crystals principles, theory and x-ray diffraction experiments in solid state physics and chemistry, Institute of Physics, Bristol, UK (1996) P. Coppens, X-ray charge densities and chemical bonding. lUCr Texts on Crystallography 4, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York (1997)... 

This chapter reviews the methodologies developed over the years to tackle various aspects of surface photoelectrochemistry. Section 2.2 gives an overview of all the photophysical and photochemical processes operative in semiconductor systems, combining findings from solid-state physics and chemistry. For completeness, the effect of quantisation of the band structure is included. The basic principles are presented to enable a smooth transition from purely molecular to purely sohd-state... 

Applications in Materials Science, Solid-State Physics and Chemistry... 

Although a number of possible applications of the Mossbauer effect have been suggested in the previous chapters, it is worthwhile to consider its use in general terms before developing the theme of more specific chemical application. Generally speaking, three broad areas can be defined in addition to that of the basic phenomenon of resonant absorption itself namely relativity and general physics, nuclear physics, and solid-state physics and chemistry. 

This chapter is particularly important for those readers who are interested in solid-state physics and chemistry. Others may treat it as exotic, and if they decide they do not tike exotic matter, they may skip this discussion and go to other chapters. 

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