Solid-state devices electronic

Hyperpure silicon can be doped with boron, gallium, phosphorus, or arsenic to produce silicon for use in transistors, solar cells, rectifiers, and other solid-state devices which are used extensively in the electronics and space-age industries. 

Piezoelectric fans are small, low-power, relatively low-noise, solid-state devices that provide viable thermal management solutions for a variety of portable electronic appliances, including laptop computers and cellular phones. In these fans piezoceramic patches are bonded onto thin, low-frequency flexible blades driven at resonance frequency, thereby creating an air stream directed at the electronics components. Thereby, up to 100% improvement over natural convective heat transfer can be achieved (Acikalin et al. 2004). 

Moons E, Bruening M, Shanzer A, Beier J, Cahen D (1996) Electron transfer in hybrid molecular solid-state devices. Synth Met 76 245-248... 

In EDXRF the secondary X-ray emitted by the excited atom is considered to be a particle (an X-ray photon) whose energy is characteristic of the atom whence it came. The major development which has facilitated this technique is the solid state semiconductor diode detector. An EDXRF system consists of a solid state device which provides an electronic output that is... 

The quantum efficiency for solid-state devices, e.g. solar cells, is always below unity. For n-type silicon electrodes anodized in aqueous or non-aqueous HF electrolytes, quantum efficiencies above unity are observed because one or more electrons are injected into the electrode when a photogenerated hole enters the electrolyte. Note that energy conservation is not violated, due to the enthalpy of the electrochemical dissolution reaction of the electrode. 

Taken as a group, PV cells comprise solid-state devices in which photons of light collide with atoms and transfer their eneigy to electrons. These electrons flow into wires that are connected to the cells, thereby providing current to electrical loads. 

In the late 1980s, the system was reconsidered by Quadri Electronics who produced an improved supercapacitor under the trade name HYPERCAP . Very high rate and peak power capabilities - current pulses in excess of 10 A with rise times of the order of milliseconds, and 3 kW/kg, respectively - have been reported for these solid state devices. 

Photovoltaic devices made of selenium have been known since the 19th Century. Pioneering research in semiconductors, which led to the invention of the transistor in 1947, formed the basis of the modem theory of photovoltaic performance. From this research, die silicon solar cell was the first known photovoltaic device that could convert a sufficient amount of the sun s energy to power complex electronic circuits. The conventional silicon cell is a solid-state device in which a junction is formed between single crystals of silicon separately doped with impurity atoms in order to create n (negative) regions and p (positive) regions which respectively are receptors to electrons and to holes (absence of electrons). See also Semiconductors. The first solar cell to be demonstrated occurred at Bell Laboratories (now AT T Bell Laboratories) in Murray Hill, New Jersey in 1954. 

Thin-film and surface phenomena are fundamental to the successful development, production, and use of solid-state devices, The research in this area is extensive, See also Molecular and Supermolecular Electronics. 

Ferendeci, A.M. Physical Foundations of Solid State and Electron Devices. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, NY. 1991. 

The rate of energy and electron transfer in any of these systems is an ensemble average of all sites within the layered assembly, and thus there is no single rate for any of the processes in the assemblies. Nonetheless, in addition to the increased quantum yield, assemblies constructed with the HTiNbOs spacer exhibit a long-lived charge-separated state component not observed in the a-ZrP spaced assemblies, of x = 900 ps. While there is still much to be learned from the study of multi-chromophore arrays, this synthetic approach appears to hold much promise for the creation of organic-inorganic hybrid solid state devices. 

Finally, apart from the obvious future commercial applications of redox-active ligand systems to a new class of amperometric molecular sensing devices, they also promise to exhibit exciting new redox catalytic properties by promoting redox reactions on an included guest substrate, and novel solid-state anisotropic electronic, magnetic, and optical (49) behavior. 

Functionalization of pentacene with the specific aim of improving performance in devices is a recent endeavor - the first use of a functionalized pentacene in a field-effect transistor was reported only recently (2003) [26], Functionalization of pentacene has led to the ability to engineer the solid-state arrangement, electronic, and solubility properties of this important semiconductor and to improve its stability and film-forming ability. Recent functionalized pentacene materials have yielded devices with properties comparable with those of the parent acene, have enabled the formation of devices from solution-deposited films, and have even changed the semiconductor behavior of this organic molecule from p-type to n-type. As functionalization strategies are refined, materials with all of the properties necessary for commercial device applications should soon be developed. 

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