Quadri Electronics

In the late 1980s, the system was reconsidered by Quadri Electronics who produced an improved supercapacitor under the trade name HYPERCAP . Very high rate and peak power capabilities - current pulses in excess of 10 A with rise times of the order of milliseconds, and 3 kW/kg, respectively - have been reported for these solid state devices. 

The coordination of copper ion by macrocyclic quadri- and quinque-dentate thi-oethers makes the Cu VCu reduction process easier, and also increases the rate of the redox self-exchange electron transfer process [55]. For example, [Cu(13-aneS4)] undergoes a one-electron reduction at 0.52 V versus NHE [58] (cf. E°(Cu /Cu ) = 0.15V versus NHE for the aquated ion in water) and the rate constant for the corresponding self-exchange electron transfer is 3 x 10 s [59] (to be compared... 

Effects of reducing Electron Concentration. The1 restricted solid solubility of a solute of lower valency is not te>o difficult to explain if, first, we1 deal with an extreme case, e.g. the mutual solid solubilities e>f silicon and copper. The size-factors are be>th favourable (Cu, atomic diameter, 2-5oA Si, atomic diameter, 2-doA), and from our previous work we1 should oxpe ed copper to be1 able1 to take into solid solution about as mam atoms per rent, of quadri alrnt silicon as it docs of quadri alont tin, i.e. about 10 atomic per cent. Tim actual figure for the maximum solid solubility of silicon in copper is... 

Johnson RM, Ng C, Samson CCM, Fraser CL. Copper ATRP catalysts with quadri-dentate amine ligands the effects of steric and electronic tuning on the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Macromolecules. 2000 33 8618-8628. 

---