Commercial future

Commercial frequency doublers have rehed on inorganic materials. The commercial future of doublers depends on not only the improvement in second-order materials but also the development of diode lasers capable of operating in the visible frequency domain. 

In general the nitroso rubbers also suffer from a poor resistanee to ionising radiation, sensitivity to degradation by organie bases, highly toxic degradation products and an exceptionally high cost. The advent of the rubbers based on perfluorofmethyl vinyl ether) considered above and of the phosphonitrilic elastomers considered below would appear to put the commercial future of these materials in extreme doubt. 

Commercial Commercial Future Target Route-1998 Route-2005... 

Heath, M., Towards a Commercial Future Ethanol and Methanol as Alternative Transportation Fuels, Study 29, Canadian Energy Research Institute, University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Canada, 1989. 

Hart D (1997). Hydrogen Power The commercial future of the ultimate fuel. London, UK Financial Times Energy Publishing... 

The commercial future of polyp ivalolactone is difficult to predict at the moment. The problems of introducing a new plastic or fiber and competing against well-established materials are numerous. This is especially true in the present economic situation. We believe, however, that there is a place for polypivalolactone in the thermoplastics field and, as we have demonstrated, the technology and expertise now exists to prepare it on a commercial scale. 

Standards are by no means the exclusive concern of government agencies. Nor are these comments to be construed as critical of standards or specifications but rather of their abuse. More insidious yet are the set habits of thinking even scientists live by. H. B. Hass has recently related (8) that high density polyethylene was discovered by an American oil company unhappily, market research indicated that the polymer did not meet the specifications for the already available low density polyethylene and, therefore, had no commercial future someone else made the grade with the product. 

In summary, AFCs based on pure oxygen have been proved to be both powerful and successful, whereas those operating on air appear not to have a commercial future at present. In fact, it is generally considered that the sensitivity of alkaline electrolyte solutions to carbon dioxide is the principal reason why PAFCs have made such an inroad into fuel-cell technology since the 1970s and have been followed by PEMFC systems in recent years. If it were not for this poisoning problem, it is likely that air-based AFCs would also be serious competitors. 

If DAFCs fuelled with ethanol and higher alcohols have a commercial future, this seems to be indissolubly linked to Pd-based electrocatalysts and anion-exchange membranes. As shown in this Chapter, the known catalytic architectures for alcohol oxidation are extremely valid, yet they suffer the scarce ability to cleave C-C bond in a selective way as well as poisoning by COads. Therefore increasing research efforts are required to design new catalysts with better performance and higher electrochemical stability. 

The advent of the rubbers based on perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) considered in the last section and the phosphonitrilic fluoroelastomers discussed in the next would seem to place any commercial future for these materials in serious doubt. 

If we were limited to these two examples, it might be concluded that the commercial future of wood-based extractive industries is doubtful. On the other hand, natural rubber production has continued as a major activity in a number of countries in spite of all the attempts to replace it with synthetic substitutes. Carbohydrate gums and mucilages continue to be collected, refined, and utilized in applications unimagined only a few years ago. Almost all of the world s tall oil and sulfate turpentine that can be conveniently captured is sold to fractionators who convert it to a myriad of saleable products and intermediates (Chap. 10.1). 

Poly aniline (PANi) is emerging as an electrically conducting polymer with, potentially, a significant commercial future ... 

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