Solar factor

Position and direction, U-value, solar factor, and thermal mass of the different construction elements. 

This section reveals opportunities that textile applications provide, especially with regard to the aforementioned need for variable solar factors and daylight penetration, natural ventilation and heat transmittance to enhance possibilities for energy savings and compares these with examples from nature. 

Recovery from Brines. Natural lithium brines are predominately chloride brines varying widely in composition. The economical recovery of lithium from such sources depends not only on the lithium content but on the concentration of interfering ions, especially calcium and magnesium. If the magnesium content is low, its removal by lime precipitation is feasible. Location and avadabiHty of solar evaporation (qv) are also important factors. 

The photogenerated current is in the same direction as /, but is always less than because the battier potential under load conditions is always less than F, which results in a larger flow of majority carriers than that in a short-circuited cell. Thus, when a solar cell is under load, the current and voltage are always less than and lU, respectively this condition is the curve-factor loss. Depending on the characteristics of the particularp—n junction and on the cell operating conditions, there is an optimal load resistance that maximizes the power output of the cell, ie, the product of its current and voltage. 

Solar Evaporation. Recovery of salts by solar evaporation (1 3) is favored in hot dry climates. Solar evaporation is also used in temperate 2ones where evaporation exceeds rainfall and in areas where seasons of hot and dry weather occur. Other factors (4,5) affecting solar pond selection are wind, humidity, cloud cover, and land terrain. 

Factors considered to affect pond performance are air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Items appearing to have only a minor effect include heat transfer between the earth and the pond, changing temperature and humidity of the air as it traverses the water, and rain. 

In fact, it is the solar effect that is causing the maximum heat. The factors considered for the solar effect are also highly conservative. Nevertheless, a canopy over the outdoor part is advisable in the above case. This will ensure the same size of enclosure for the outdoor as well as the indoor parts and also eliminate the requirement for a thicker enclosure or a forced cooling arrangement. Now there will be no direct solar radiation over the bus system and the total solar effect can be eliminated, except for substituting the indoor ambient temperature of 48 C with the maximum outdoor temperature for the outdoor part of the bus system. 

Pasquill defined six stabihty classes ranging from highly stable, low-turbulence Class F, to unstable, highly turbulent Class A, and he identified the surfece wind speed, intensity of solar radiation, and nighttime sky cover as being the prime factors controlling atmospheric stabihty. PasquiU then correlated observations of the behavior of plumes in terms of their dispersion with the... 

The most important single factor in tlie evaporative loss of water is the iiiconiing solar radiation. The vapor pressure (i.e., tlie ma.ximum gaseous... 

Adaptations to Habitats. Because of Eaith s geom-etiyf and the position of its axis, the equator receives more solar energy per unit area than the polar regions. Because Earth s axis is tilted relative to the plane of Earth s orbit around the Sun, this angle of incident radiation varies seasonally. These factors, combined with Earth s rotation, establish the major patterns of temperature, air circulation, and precipitation. 

The amount of biomass produced in a habitat— the productivity of the habitat—is determined by the types of plants (some species are more efficient photosynthesizers than others), the intensity and duration of solar radiation, the amount of nutrients available, and climatic factors such as temperature... 

It is clear that human action can affect seven of eight of the major gi eenhouse forcings carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, CFCs, aerosols, and water vapor. As studies of solar variation have shown, it is also clear that human action is not the only factor involved in determining the impact of these forcings. There is still substantial uncertainty regarding the actual climate impact of the climate forcings. 

Radiative heat transfer is perhaps the most difficult of the heat transfer mechanisms to understand because so many factors influence this heat transfer mode. Radiative heat transfer does not require a medium through which the heat is transferred, unlike both conduction and convection. The most apparent example of radiative heat transfer is the solar energy we receive from the Sun. The sunlight comes to Earth across 150,000,000 km (93,000,000 miles) through the vacuum of space. FIcat transfer by radiation is also not a linear function of temperature, as are both conduction and convection. Radiative energy emission is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of a body, and radiative heat transfer occurs in proportion to the difference between the fourth power of the absolute temperatures of the two surfaces. In equation form, q/A is defined as ... 

Solar energy is used worldwide in many applications, from niche markets in developed countries to primai y village power in rural and developing communities. Its atti activeness can be attributed to several factors ... 

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