Organic solar cells fill factor

However, only small changes have a pronounced impact on the morphology of bulk heterojunction thin films as well as their charge carrier separation and transportation. This in turn influences the photovoltaic properties of the small molecule-based bulk heterojunction devices. Solution-processed organic solar cells based on the molecules with the shortest methyl end groups exhibit a high short circuit current and fill factor (128). 

Many authors have reported different approaches for incorporation of different metallic NPs in organic solar cells (OSCs) i.e. in the photoactive layer, in the hole transport layer (HTL), at the HTL/photoactive layer interface and at the ITO/HTL interface. Fig. 6 shows the schematic design describing these different approaches. We have reviewed the detail literature of photovoltaic performance parameters of bulk heterojunction organic/polymer solar cell. Table 1, 2, 3, 4 summarizes the state of the art reports i.e., open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current density (jsc), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (ti) of plasmonic enhanced OSC devices with NPs embedded between interfacing layers, NPs in the hole conducting layers, combination of different NPs and NPs in the photoactive layer, respectively. 

The state of the art regenerative solar cell consists of the sensitizer cis-Ru(dcb)2(NCS)2 anchored to colloidal anatase Ti02 films with an Lil-l2 organic electrolyte. An i-V curve recorded with 1000 W m of air mass 1.5 illumination at 25 °C is shown in Figure 25 [154]. From these data, a Eqc of 0.79 V, an 4c of 4.83 mA, a fill factor of 0.71 and an of 0.11 were obtained. The active area of the electrode was kept low, 0.249 cm, to minimize resisitive losses associated with the tin oxide glass and the nanocrystalline semiconductor film. The power efficiency was not significantly changed when the temperature was raised from 20 to 60 °C. 

Keywords Solar cells, organic photovoltaics (OPVs), quantum confinement effect (QCE), conjugated polymers, nanocomposites, blends, quantum dots (QDs), nanocrystals, nanorods, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, nanoparticles, alternating copolymers, block copolymers, exdton diffusion length, short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, fill factor, photoconversion efficiency, in-situ polymerization... 

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