Solarization effect

Fig. 5.43 The UV part of the sun spectrum, the erythema action spectrum and the biological effective solar irradiance. The biological effective irradiance has been obtained by folding the radiation density of the sun with the erythema action spectrum.

Lewis NS. Toward cost-effective solar energy use. Science. 2007 315(5813) 798—801. 

Bipolar CdSe/CdS panels used under 52 mW/cm2 effective solar flux. Upper limit after correction for light absorption by the electrolyte. 205-207... 

New cost-effective solar technology will be widely available. (Nathan Lewis, Ralph Overend)... 

By the middle of the 21st century, global energy consumption will more than double from the present rate. To meet this demand under potential worldwide limits on carbon dioxide emissions, cost-effective solar energy must be developed.8... 

Lewis, N. S., Toward Cost Effective Solar Energy Use, Science 2007, 315, 798 801. 

Conventional air-conditioning systems have effected solar radiation compensation by means of a solar sensor. However, systems that detect human body temperature with an infrared sensor are also coming along. The infrared sensor is capable of sensing energies radiated by hot bodies such as a human body, since those energies are in the infrared region. 

The solar constant is defined as the total radiative energy flux outside the Earth s atmosphere. This parameter is used to characterize the total solar radiation input. The magnitude of this constant is estimated by Brusa and Frohlich (1982) to be 1367 W m-2, at 1 AU (astronomical unit), which corresponds to an effective solar temperature of 5780 K. 

Chemistry contributes in many ways to the more efficient and cleaner utihzation of fossil fuels. Chemists find ways of extracting fuels from ever scarcer supplies of promoting cleaner, more efficient combustion and of producing cleaner exhausts through the development of catalysts. They are involved in the development of electrode materials for more efficient fuel cells, and in the development of photovoltaic systems to be used for more effective solar power generation, see also Energy Thermodynamics. 

Polished aluminum (curve 15) and anodized (surface-oxidized) aluminum (curve 13) are representative of metals and nonmetals, respectively. Figure 5-10 thus demonstrates the generahzation that metals and nonmetals respond in opposite directions with regard to changes in the radiation source temperature. Since the effective solar temperature is 5800 K (10,440°R), the extreme right-hand side of Fig. 

Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of primary crosslinks Is reversible and therefore unobserved except where the hydrolysis products undergo further reaction to prevent back reaction. At the very surface of the coating, where there Is Insufficient pigment to provide an effective solar screen, ROH and >NCH.0H In reaction (5) are consumed presumably by photo-oxidatlon and reaction (3), respectively. 

SUN EFFECT - Solar energy transmitted into space through windows and building materials. 

The solar absorption cutoff and the most effective solar wavelength range for selected modes of damage for different plastics based on reported activation spectra are summarized in Table 6.1. These data are for non-UV stabilized plastics. The presence of a UV stabilizer or some additives in the compound can change the activation spectra very significantly. 

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