Core tests

Core Test Regulations, Test Methods, IWYO 19-76, 28-75, 3-73, 20-69, International Wool Textile Organisation, London, 1968. 

A deep stratigraphic test is drilled to obtain information about a specific geological condition that might lead to the discovery of an accumulation of hydrocarbons. Such wells are customarily drilled without the intention of being completed for hydrocarbon production. This classification also includes tests identified as core tests and all types of expendable holes related to hydrocarbon exploration. 

WHO. 1990. WHO neurobehavioral core test battery. In Johnson BL, ed. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Neurobehavioral Methods in Environmental and Occupational Health, Washington, DC, Dec 14-17, 1988. Chelsea, Ml Lewis Publishers 225-244. 

Description of the Experiment and Apparatus. The apparatus for this experiment is shown in Figure 8. At the left side of the figure, inside the dashed box, the procedure for core saturation is shown. Initially, the core tested is saturated with 1% acidified brine solution. The saturation of the core is achieved in the following manner. 

The Neurobehavioral Evaluation System 2 (NES2) is a neurobehavioral evaluation system designed to facilitate screening of populations at risk of nervous system damage due to environmental agents. This evaluation system is administered on a microcomputer. Epidemiologic research influenced the sets of tests that were included in this battery. An expert committee convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) proposed a set of core tests for this battery. Many of the core tests that were... 

Table 6.6 presents the individual tests of the NES2 battery. Motor ability, focused attention, selective attention, acquisition, and memory categories of tasks are included in this battery, in addition to a variety of other tasks. The battery is made up of separate tasks performance on combinations of these tasks is potentially altered by exposure to neurotoxic agents such as pesticides, solvents, or carbon monoxide. Many of the tasks are suitable for repeated testing of any individual. Five of the tests are similar to the core tests of the WHO battery.50... 

Table 16.1 The WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery (NBCT)...

Work previously reported has shown very significant reductions in gas mobility when in situ generated foam was used in laboratory core tests. Using unconsolidated core models, investigators measured ten to several hundredfold decreases in gas mobilityThe effectiveness of foam for mobility control is vitally dependent on the choice of the surfactant used. Early tests using 1% ammonium lauryl sulfate were not totally successful in demonstrating foam effectiveness. ... 

The tests cannot be extrapolated directly to field reservoir performance because the spatial geometry is different. The core tests have a linear, 1-dimensional flow geometry while the actual reservoir has radial, 3-dimensional flow. In 3-dimensional flow the displacement efficiency is typically less than that measured in linear displacement studies. Chilton (1987) showed in his computer simulation studies that, as compared with the linear flow case, the predicted oil produced was 10% less for the two-dimensional model and 27% less for the three-dimensional model. However, when mobility control was used with a tenfold decrease in carbon dioxide mobility, the calculated improvement in displacement efficiency was much less for the linear case than the three-dimensional case. This result indicates that the increase in displacement efficiency under field conditions should be greater than that recorded in these linear laboratory tests. 

The remote setting of the Earth s core tests our ability to assess its physical and chemical characteristics. Extending out to half an Earth radii, the metallic core constitutes a sixth of the planet s volume and a third of its mass (see Table 1 for physical properties of the Earth s core). The boundary between the sihcate mantle and the core (CMB) is remarkable in that it is a zone of greatest contrast in Earth properties. The density increase across this boundary represents a greater contrast than across the crust-ocean surface. The Earth s gravitational acceleration reaches a maximum (10.7 m s ) at the CMB and this boundary is also the site of the greatest temperature gradient in the Earth. (The temperature at the base of the mantle (—2,900 °C) is not well established, and that at... 

Two different test batteries, the World Health Organization (WHO) Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery and the Neurobehavioral Evaluation System (NES), are currently the most widely used test batteries in occupational behavioral toxicology studies. Both include components of the WAIS described previously in addition to other psychometric tests of behavioral function. The WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery is a pencil and paper-administered test battery, whereas the NES is a computerized test battery that has been translated into several languages and in fact presents a more extensive set of tests than does the WHO in that it includes tests of psychomotor performance, cognition, memory and learning, and perceptual ability and affect. 

Assessments of motor function are often included in the neuropsychological test batteries utilized in occupational exposure studies. Typically, these tend to be relatively simple measures of motor capabilities, probably for two reasons. The first is that the inclusion of vigilance tasks such as those described previously depends on motor coordination in addition to sensory capabilities therefore, toxicant-induced changes in such performances may already be indicative of motor impairment. This can then be pursued by inclusion of some additional and more direct assessments of motor function in the battery. The second reason relates to logistical reasons and practicalities. Test batteries such as the WHO Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery and the NFS are typically taken to the site where measurements of subjects are to be made. Thus, portability is a major consideration, and more complex assessments of motor function would incur greater equipment needs. Since the purpose of these batteries is generally to screen for adverse effects, studies providing more precise delineations of affected functions can be pursued at a later time. 

Martin (1959) and Bernard (1967) observed that clay swelling and/or dispersion accompanied by increased pressure drop resulted in incremental oil recovery. Tang and Morrow (1999) concluded that line mobilization (mainly kaolinite) increased recovery based on their observations (1) fired/acidized Berea core showed insensitivity of salinity on oil recovery, whereas unlired Berea core did show sensitivity and (2) for clean sandstones, the increase in oil recovery with the decrease in salinity was less than that for the clay sands. Figure 3.4 shows some of their results. In the tests, the reservoir CS core was used. The reservoir brine, CS RB, was used as connate brine for the entire CS core tests. 

In a surfactant-polymer process, Trushenski (1977) reported that the presence of polymer in the surfactant slug caused an unexpected increase in surfactant loss. This increase was due to the bypass of surfactant by polymer (phase trapping). The trapping and remobilization of the micellar phase are shown in Figure 9.3. In this long core test, the water content of the micellar fluid was... 

The EPA has adopted the exposure-based new chemicals testing strategy to enable sufficient data to be obtained for adequate risk assessment using the existing legislation (Section 5e of TSCA). Core testing is required if the production volume is >300 tonnes a and there is either substantial or significant human exposure or substantial... 

This equation is an inverted form of the core pressure drop in Eq. 17.65. For the isothermal pressure drop data, p, = p = l/(l/p)m. The friction factor thus determined includes the effects of skin friction, form drag, and local flow contraction and expansion losses, if any, within the core. Tests are repeated with different flow rates on the unknown side to cover the desired range of the Reynolds number. The experimental uncertainty in the/factor is usually within 5 percent when Ap is measured accurately within 1 percent. 

Retting takes place first in the cambium layer where is quite soluble and where because of the very thin cell layers of pectin or cementing substance are correspond When flax stems are sterilized in water at 115 degrees C. xx pectin in the cambium layer is dissolved, and the cortex loosened from the wooden core that the loose-core test is c at all as a positive indicator that retting is completed. Tlx the tissues of the cortex is less soluble than that in the cam and is not much affected by the solvent action of the hot w not entirely because of a difference in accessibility that till retted after the cambium layer, aB at the exposed surfaces o. where all.tissues are equally exposed to the attack of tlx. retting is not materially hastened in the cortex. 

Interim blood sampling of rats may not be necessary when the dose levels are similar in the short- and longer-duration studies. The sample timings in the guidelines refer to the core tests, but some specialized tests require samples to be collected at times in relation to the toxic injury in acute studies (e.g., cardiac biomarkers) or to expected peaks in the circadian or reproductive cycle rhythms. Additional times for blood sampling should be avoided if the procedures could compromise the health of the animals. In all procedures, consideration should be given to the possible stress effects of the sample collection procedures and the amount of blood collected in relation to the total blood volume. 

Since laboratory measurements commenced, we have used biomarkers however, in the last decade there has been a great deal of discussion and debate about the term biomarker, its definition, and its usage (Colburn 1997 Biomarkers Definitions Working Group 2001 Frank and Hargreaves 2003). The term biomarker is often used to encompass relatively new indices—for example, plasma and urine profiles obtained with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), metabonomics, proteomics, etc. (Grandjean et al. 1994 Timbrell, Draper, and Waterheld 1994). However, the term is equally applicable to the traditional core tests. 

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