Geographical Data

The field Geographic Term (GT) contains the geographic data found in the Abstract (AB) and the Supplementary Terms (ST). As it is phrase-indexed, the entry of the search string must correspond exactly to the occurence in the file. The use of the EXPAND command is again advised. The file does not only mention country names, but also geographic areas like East Africa or economic areas like the OECD. There is a summary of all Geographic Terms employed in the appendix of the database manual The CIN File Database Description. 

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Factors influencing the production and migration of radon in soils have been examined, and various sources of geographic data have been discussed. Two significant soil characteristics include air permeability and, less importantly, radium concentration. While there are, at present, few opportunities to compare the larger-scale data with on-site field measurements, those comparisons that have been made for both surface radium concentrations and air permeability of soils show a reasonable correspondence. Further comparisons between the aerial radiometric data and surface measurements are needed. Additional work and experience with SCS information on soils will improve the confidence in the permeability estimates, as will comparisons between the estimated permeabilities and actual air permeability measurements performed in the field. 

FGDC 1998. FGDC-STD-001-1998. Content standard for digital geospatial metadata (revised June 1998). Federal Geographic Data Committee. Washington, D.C. 

Remote login is the ability of a computer user in one location to establish an on-line connection with another computer elsewhere. Once the connection is established, the remote computer is used as if it were a hard-wired terminal of that system. Within the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite, this facility is called Telnet. Using Telnet, an Internet user can establish connections with a multitude of library catalogues, other bibliographic databases, university information systems, full text databases, data files (eg, statistics, oceanographic data, meteorological data, and geographic data), and other on-line services. Many of these connections are available to any Internet user and can be accessed without an account. 

Table 2 Geographical data of selected areas (source Wikipedia) ...

U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Geographic Data Committee, National Geospatial Data Clearinghouse, http //fgdc.er.usgs.gov (accessed June 1996). 

Mapping and thematic mapping Database management Interactive data query Spatial data retrieval Geographic data manipulation Spatial data analysis Geocoding... 

Geographic data import/export Buffering/polygon overlay... 

Decennial Census and other Bureau programs. The TIGER/line files are publicly available extracts from the TIGER database. Most GIS vendors tillow the user to load these files or distribute their own versions and formetts based on this data. There are otherwise no agreed-upon standards for geographic data representation apart from the leading vendors formats, which can usually be converted from one system to another. 

Descriptions of the simplest data structure entities and explanations of their nature follow in succeeding sections. Basic data structures are stack, queue, and other linear lists multiple-dimension arrays (recursive) lists and trees (including forests and binary trees). Pointer or link simply means computer data constituting a memory location. Level indicates position in a structure that is hierarchical. Link, level, and the elementary structures are almost intuitive concepts. They are fairly easily understood by reference to their names or to real-life situations to which they relate. Evolving computer practice has had two effects. First, the impact of the World Wide Web and Internet browsers has acquainted many computer users with two basic ideas link (pointer) and level. Second, computer specialists have increased their use of advanced data structures. These may be understandable from their names or descriptive properties. Some of these terms are tries, quad-trees (quadtrees, quaternary trees), leftist-trees, 2-3 trees, binary search trees, and heap. While they are less common data structures and unlikely to be part of a first course in the field, they enable algorithmic procedures in applications such as image transmission, geographic data, and library search. 

In the present chapter we summarize recent phylogenetic and floral structural findings for the Marantaceae. By using additional ecological and geographical data, we reconstruct the major character transformations per node and test the hypotheses of the pollination mechanism being (1) a key innovation for speciation or (2) exclusively a tool for optimization of the mating system. 

III Collection of geographical data Site and local data, e.g. climate, substrate, morphology, etc. ... 

Geodatabase Essential structure of a geographic information system (GIS) including selected geographic data sets, particular object definitions, and descriptions of relationships. Information is stored in a variety of formats and includes nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio, and scalar data. 

Geographic Data Model Gore component of a GIS system. The data model provides a geographic template for a particular industry application. 

Geographic Information System (GIS) Collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic data used to reference spatial geographic information. It is an analytic system to input, edit, manipulate, study, compare, and output geographic data collected from a variety of sources. 

Vector Model Geographic data with lines and shapes plotted on an x-y coordinate system. 

Randolph, John. Environmental Land Use Planning and Management. Chicago Island Press, 2003. Considers advances in geographical data collection to mitigate environmental impacts, especially on water resources. 

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