Software for statistics

StatPoint, Inc., 2325 Dulles Corner Boulevard, Suite 500, Herndon, Virginia 20171, USA WinStat http //www.winstat.de 

Fitch Software, St.-Martin-Allee 1, 79219 Staufen, Germany 

---

Dependencies may be detected using statistical tests and graphical analysis. Scatter plots may be particularly helpful. Some software for statistical graphics will plot scatter plots for all pairs of variables in a data set in the form of a scatter-plot matrix. For tests of independence, nonparametric tests such as Kendall s x are available, as well as tests based on the normal distribution. However, with limited data, there will be low power for tests of independence, so an assumption of independence should be scientifically plausible. 

One of the most useful tools to spot and eliminate errors is a spreadsheet, such as Excel or QuattroPro. QSAR modelers very frequently use spreadsheets to organize data into columns and rows of standardized values of the independent and dependent parameters. Spreadsheets allow easy sorting and filtering — two important functions used to find problem data and duplicates and other errors. In addition, spreadsheets have search and replace routines, plotting, and correlation functions, which allow the data to be reviewed in various comprehensive ways. The data can also be exported to other file types, which allow analysis by other software for statistics and any types of quantitative and qualitative relationships that may exist. It cannot be emphasized enough that the typical spreadsheet functions (including graphing functions) are excellent tools to find and eliminate erroneous or questionable values, duplicates, and other problem entries. 

In Ref. [261], a process optimization for oriented diamond nuclei was done using a software for statistical experimental design [262] (design for experimental method). The process parameters for BEN and the oriented growth in the three-step process are listed in Table H.3. The substrate used was Si(lOO), which had been carburized for 3h under the following conditions P = 20Torr, Pm=1000W, 7 s = 900°C, and... 

Tools for the manipulation and analysis of results will be readily available. Some of the standard tools will be a database management system, software for statistical analysis, and graphics capabilities. 

Monitored parameters included weekly individual body weight, and feed consumption was estimated by monitoring the daily feed intake. Health status was established every day, and included checks for fever, poor feed intake, arthritis and diarrhoea. These figures were used to calculate the daily diarrhoea and live piglet percentages. Data was analysed using Excel and Minitab software for statistics, with significance levels set at P<0.05. 

Many companies have developed or purchased computer software for the purpose of storing stability data for a large number of studies. Examples of commercially available systems are SLIM [147] and Stability System [148]. These systems can perform other functions as well, including work scheduling, preparation of summaries of selected or all studies in the system, tabulation of data for individual studies, label printing, statistical analysis and plotting, and search capabilities. Such systems should be validated to keep pace with current regulatory activity [149],... 

In order to understand the characteristics of state-of-the-art scientific software, a description of the facilities of the RS/1 system is presented in this section as an example of the kind of software now available to support scientific data management needs. All facilities are based in a single integrated system. No extra steps are needed, for example, to use tabular data as the basis for statistics or to graph the results of modeling. 

Rosenberg MS, Adams DC, Gurevitch J (2000) Version 2 MetaWin statistical software for metaanalysis. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA... 

R Software, a language and environment for statistical computing. R Development Core Team, Foundation for Statistical Computing, www.r-project.org, Vienna, Austria, 2008. 

Statistical Designs, 9941 Rowlett, Suite 6, Houston, TX Software for Experimental Design and Optimization. ... 

From the above it is obvious that a systems designer for laboratory automation must be conversant with and able to utilize a whole range of disciplines, from chemistry to electronics, and from computer software to statistics and instrument design. The users of the automation, their managers and the customer for the analytical results also have a contribution to make in deciding the spedflcation. 

List of Open Source software for image analysis and statistics and their Web sites... 

There is no general-purpose or user-friendly software available for statistical mechanical computations, in comparison with the availability of useful and convenient tools to do single molecule quantum mechanical computations. There are many properties that can be computed, but users usually have to write their own computer programs to do each computation, so that it is a small research project instead of a convenient tool for product engineers. Westmoreland and Panagiotopoulos (2004) said that the availability... 

The extraction of more complex particle size distributions from PCS data (which is not part of the commonly performed particle size characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles) remains a challenging task, even though several corresponding mathematical models and software for commercial instruments are available. This type of analysis requires the user to have a high degree of experience and the data to have high statistical accuracy. In many cases, data obtained in routine measurements, as are often performed for particle size characterization, are not an adequate basis for a reliable particle size distribution analysis. 

It should be noted that, owing to the nature of molecular Leld analysis, there would be hundreds or thousands of descriptors forthe molecular steric and electrostatic force Lelds (Table 3.5), and it is inconvenient and unnecessary to write down the QSSR equation in a CoMFA study since these descriptors are generated and directly used to predict targeted properties using the same software package. Statistical results forthe Lnal models correlating the mole fraction solubility in isopropyl alcohol with the desired parameters for 60 aromatic and heteroaromatic crystalline compounds are... 

---